61) Which of the following is NOT included as part of the quantitative approach to
management?
A) statistics
B) optimization models
C) organizational behavior
D) computer simulations
62) The quantitative approach to management was largely used to improve ________.
A) productivity
B) efficiency
C) decision making
D) planning
63) Many techniques in the quantitative approach to management were borrowed from
________.
A) computer models
B) the physical sciences
C) the military
D) biological science
64) The “Whiz Kids” applied statistical methods to management at ________.
A) the Western Electric Company
B) the Ford Motor Company
C) IBM
D) the Sony Corporation
65) These organizations were the first to employ the ideas of quality experts such as W. Edwards
Deming and Joseph M. Duran.
A) Japanese companies
B) Chinese companies
C) American companies
D) Canadian companies
66) Which of the following is most closely associated with the work of W. Edwards Deming?
A) total quality management
B) the Hawthorne studies
C) the general administrative theory
D) the human relations movement
67) One of the key components of total quality management (TQM) is a focus on ________
improvement.
A) gradual
B) dramatic
C) continual
D) meaningful
68) Which of the following is a key element of total quality management (TQM)?
A) responding to customer needs
B) responding to employee needs
C) anticipating moves of competitors
D) anticipating employee needs
69) Managers began to look at how systems theory related to organizations in this decade.
A) 1940s
B) 1950s
C) 1960s
D) 1980s
70) A system is defined as a set of interrelated and interdependent parts that function ________.
A) as separate entities
B) together as a unified whole
C) in competition with one another
D) without any link to the outside world
71) A typical organization can be characterized as ________.
A) a one-way system
B) a closed system
C) an open system
D) a virtual system
72) In an open system, a manager is responsible for managing ________.
A) just the internal company itself and not the external environment
B) just the external environment
C) both the internal and the external environment
D) the inputs but not the outputs
73) The idea of an organization being an open system was borrowed from this discipline.
A) mathematics
B) the physical sciences
C) game theory
D) psychology
74) Material outputs in an open system organization include ________.
A) services
B) products
C) raw materials
D) information
75) Material inputs in an open system organization include ________.
A) capital
B) human resources
C) raw materials
D) information
76) The only item that serves as both an input and an output in an open system organization is
________.
A) capital
B) information
C) technology
D) products
77) Contingency approaches to management contend that ________.
A) situations determine managerial approach
B) all organizations should be managed in the same way
C) managers determine managerial approach
D) no two organizations should be managed the same way
78) A contingency variable is a factor that can ________.
A) make an organization successful
B) destroy an organization
C) influence choice of managerial style
D) improve organizational morale
79) Which of the following is a contingency variable?
A) how successful an organization is
B) how large an organization is
C) how well known an organization is
D) how well managed an organization is
80) Which of the following is NOT a contingency variable?
A) routineness of tasks performed
B) organizational size
C) environmental uncertainty
D) organizational history
81) Which technology development is likely to have the greatest impact on the organization of
the future?
A) mainframe computers
B) cell phones
C) wired networks
D) wireless networks
82) People value history because it can help put events that are taking place today into
perspective.
83) The Egyptian pyramids are an example of a project that was completed without the aid of
managers.
84) The Industrial Revolution marked the birth of management.
85) Adam Smith argued that division of labor increased productivity.
86) The division of labor is also referred to by the term job specification.
87) Factories in the Industrial Revolution needed to forecast demand to make sure that workers
were paid fairly.
88) The Industrial Revolution began in the seventeenth century.
89) Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations was published 100 years before the Declaration of
Independence of the United States in 1776.
90) Job specialization continues to be a popular way to increase productivity today.
91) Classical approaches to management include the work of Taylor, Fayol, and Weber.
92) “Employee motivation” is the phrase most associated with scientific management.
93) Frank and Lillian Gilbreth got their ideas for management from the book Cheaper by the
Dozen.
94) The primary issue that motivated Taylor to create a more scientific approach to management
was worker satisfaction.
95) Taylor was the originator of the concept of scientific management.
96) Frank and Lillian Gilbreth’s best-known contribution to scientific management concerned
selecting the best worker for a particular job.
97) Frederick W. Taylor published his book on the Principles of Scientific Management to
illustrate the importance of bureaucracies in managing people.
98) Henry Gantt’s contribution to management theory was to develop efficient ways to schedule.
99) Henri Fayol and Max Weber developed the idea of the five basic management functions.
100) Both Henri Fayol and Adam Smith saw division of work as an important principle of
management.
101) Fayol feels that managers should be given authority over workers, but not the ability to give
orders.
102) Unity of command means that all employees should answer to only one superior.
103) A highly centralized organization is one in which subordinates are given a lot of
opportunity to make decisions.
104) Fayol thought that allowing employees to originate their own plans would increase
motivation.
105) The idea of employees being paid a fair wage for their services did not emerge until the
1960s.
106) The behavioral approach to management focuses on motivating workers to work
productively.
107) The behavioral approach to management began in the 1960s with organizational behavior
(OB).
108) Robert Owen was greatly concerned with how workers were treated in factories of the
Industrial Revolution.
109) Organizational behavior studies were based purely on theoretical ideals rather than actual
observation.
110) The Hawthorne studies showed that the brighter the lights in the room, the more productive
were workers who worked in the room.
111) Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory suggested once a need was satisfied, it
stopped motivating behavior.
112) The Hawthorne studies suggested that groups could influence the productivity of an
individual.
113) The quantitative approach to management evolved out of mathematical methods of solving
military problems.
114) The “Whiz Kids” used statistical methods to improve decision making at the Ford Motor
Company in the mid-1940s.
115) W. Edwards Deming’s ideas about quality and management were first embraced by
Japanese companies.
116) Deming’s total quality management system largely ignored the needs of customers.
117) Contemporary approaches to management see the organization as a closed system in which
all inputs and outputs stay within the system.
118) The idea of an organization as a system was borrowed from psychological concepts.
119) The contingency approach to management states that there is a single best way to manage
all organizations.
120) A contingency variable that can affect managing style is organization size.
121) In today’s organization, almost all employees have access to the mainframe computers that
make up the company’s computing resources.
122) In a short essay, discuss the impact that the Industrial Revolution had on management.
123) In a short essay, discuss the impact that the publication of Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations
had on management.
124) In a short essay, discuss scientific management.
125) In a short essay, discuss the work of Henri Fayol and Max Weber as it relates to the general
administrative approach to management.
126) In a short essay, describe how the work of Abraham Maslow influenced management.
127) In a short essay, identify the principles of management identified by Henri Fayol that are
most important for establishing a manager’s control over employees.
128) In a short essay, identify the principles of management identified by Henri Fayol that are
most important for the satisfaction and welfare of employees.
129) In a short essay, identify the principles of management identified by Henri Fayol that are
most important for efficiency and productivity of the entire organization.
130) In a short essay, describe the Hawthorne studies and how they were interpreted.
131) In a short essay, explain how the systems approach contributes to the understanding of
management.
132) In a short essay, describe the contingency approach to management.
133) In a short essay, describe how the contingency variable of organization size might affect
management style.
134) In a short essay, describe how the contingency variable of routineness of task might affect
management style.
135) In a short essay, describe how the contingency variable of environmental uncertainty might
affect management style.