Chapter 19 – The Peripheral Endocrine Glands
1. How many lobes does the thyroid gland have?
a.
1
b.
2
c.
3
d.
4
e.
5
b
19.1 Thyroid Gland
HUPH.SHER.16.19.1 – Describe the structure and functioning of the thyroid gland
2. What are the major secretory cells of the thyroid gland called?
a.
secretory cells
b.
islets of Langerhans
c.
isthmus cells
d.
follicular cells
e.
colloid cells
3. What do the C cells of the thyroid gland secrete?
a.
calcitonin
b.
calcium
c.
iodine
d.
corticosteroids
e.
thyroglobulin
4. What are the two basic “ingredients” for the synthesis of thyroid hormone?
a.
tyrosine and calcium
b.
lysine and calcium
c.
dopamine and iron
d.
arginine and iodine
e.
tyrosine and iodine
e
HUPH.SHER.16.19.1.2 – Discuss how thyroid hormone is synthesized, stored, and secreted
5. Thyroid hormone increases target-cell responsiveness to catecholamines, such as:
Chapter 19 – The Peripheral Endocrine Glands
a.
tyrosine and lysine
b.
monoiodotyrosine and di-iodotyrosine
c.
epinephrine and norepinephrine
d.
FSH and LH
e.
serotonin and dopamine
c
Bloom’s: Remember
19.1 Thyroid Gland
HUPH.SHER.16.19.1.3 – Discuss four effects of the thyroid hormone.
6. What is the only known factor that increases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (and, accordingly, TSH and thyroid
hormone secretion)?
a.
exposure to cold in adults
b.
exposure to cold in newborn infants
c.
extreme emotional stress
d.
starvation
e.
physical trauma
Bloom’s: Remember
19.1 Thyroid Gland
HUPH.SHER.16.19.1.4 – Discuss the regulation of thyroid hormone secretion
7. Inadequate dietary iodine can lead to:
a.
increased T3 production
b.
increased T4 production
c.
Graves’ disease
d.
hypothyroidism
e.
hyperthyroidism
Bloom’s: Remember
19.1 Thyroid Gland
HUPH.SHER.16.19.1.5 – Describe the two major abnormalities of the thyroid function
8. What does the adrenal medulla secrete?
a.
neurotransmitters
b.
steroid hormones
c.
catecholamines
d.
indoleamines
e.
peptide hormones
c
Bloom’s: Remember
HUPH.SHER.16.19.2 – Describe the structure and functioning of the adrenal glands
9. How many layers or zones does the adrenal cortex have?
Chapter 19 – The Peripheral Endocrine Glands
a.
1
b.
2
c.
3
d.
4
e.
5
c
19.2 Adrenal Glands
10. What are all of the hormones produced by the adrenal cortex derived from?
a.
cholesterol
b.
tyrosine
c.
lysine
d.
testosterone
e.
peptides
a
19.2 Adrenal Glands
11. What do mineralocorticoids such as aldosterone do?
a.
stimulate release of growth hormone
b.
play a role in glucose metabolism
c.
impact sexuality and libido
d.
reduce blood sugar levels
e.
influence electrolyte balance
e
19.2 Adrenal Glands
HUPH.SHER.16.19.2.2 – Describe the two major effects of mineralocorticoids
12. What is the primary glucocorticoid?
a.
cortisol
b.
angiotensin
c.
aldosterone
d.
androgens
e.
testosterone
a
19.2 Adrenal Glands
HUPH.SHER.16.19.2.3 – Describe three functions of cortisol, the primary glucocorticoids
13. What hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis?
a.
aldosterone
b.
testosterone
c.
estrogen
d.
cortisol
e.
angiotensin
19.2 Adrenal Glands
HUPH.SHER.16.19.2.3 – Describe three functions of cortisol, the primary glucocorticoids
14. Superimposed on the basic negative-feedback control system are two additional factors that influence plasma cortisol
concentrations:
a.
gluconeogenesis and hypertension
b.
diurnal rhythm and stress
c.
high blood sugar levels and stress
d.
low blood sugar levels and stress
e.
diurnal rhythm and hypertension
19.2 Adrenal Glands
HUPH.SHER.16.19.2.4 – Discuss the regulation of cortisol secretion
15. What is the only adrenal sex hormone that has any biological importance?
a.
cortisol
b.
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
c.
estrogen
d.
androgen
e.
testosterone
19.2 Adrenal Glands
16. What does Conn’s syndrome reflect?
a.
primary hyperaldosteronism
b.
secondary hyperaldosteronism
c.
primary hypoaldosteronism
d.
secondary hypoaldosteronism
e.
hyponatremia
a
19.2 Adrenal Glands
HUPH.SHER.16.19.2.6 – Discuss the effects of excessive secretion of the three categories of
17. What does Cushing’s syndrome reflect?
a.
excessive aldosterone secretion
b.
insufficient aldosterone secretion
c.
androgen hypersecretion
d.
excessive cortisol secretion
e.
insufficient cortisol secretion
19.2 Adrenal Glands
18. All stressors produce a similar nonspecific, generalized set of responses known as the:
a.
flight or fight response
b.
homeostatic response
c.
cognitive dissonance model
d.
stress equilibrium syndrome
e.
general adaptation syndrome
e
19.3 Integrated Stress Response
HUPH.SHER.16.19.3 – Discuss the metabolic changes elicited during the stress response
19. What hormone strengthens sympathetic responses and mobilizes carbohydrate and fat stores at times of stress?
a.
cortisol
b.
testosterone
c.
epinephrine
d.
norepinephrine
e.
insulin
c
19.3 Integrated Stress Response
HUPH.SHER.16.19.3.1 – Discuss five major hormonal changes during the stress response
20. What gland coordinates the multifaceted stress response?
a.
pineal
b.
thalamus
c.
hypothalamus
d.
pituitary
e.
adrenals
c
19.3 Integrated Stress Response
adrenocortical hormones
21. During digestion, carbohydrates are converted into:
a.
monoglycerides
b.
monosaccharides
c.
amino acids
d.
fatty acids
e.
essential vitamins
19.4 Endocrine Pancreas and Control of Fuel Metabolism
HUPH.SHER.16.19.4 – Discuss the need for regulating plasma calcium (ECF Ca2+)
22. What is the term for the buildup or synthesis of larger organic macromolecules from small organic molecular
subunits?
a.
intermediary metabolism
b.
fuel metabolism
c.
macrobolism
d.
anabolism
e.
catabolism
19.4 Endocrine Pancreas and Control of Fuel Metabolism
HUPH.SHER.16.19.4 – Discuss the need for regulating plasma calcium (ECF Ca2+)
23. What’s the storage form of dietary fat?
a.
triglycerides
b.
fatty acids
c.
glycogen
d.
glucagon
e.
ATP
a
19.4 Endocrine Pancreas and Control of Fuel Metabolism
HUPH.SHER.16.19.4.1 – Describe the three processes included in fuel metabolism
24. What’s the storage form of excess circulating amino acids not immediately needed?
a.
protein
b.
polypeptides
c.
triglycerides
d.
glycogen
e.
enzymes
c
25. What is the primary fuel source for the brain?
a.
neurotransmitters
b.
electrolytes
c.
fatty acids
d.
amino acids
e.
glucose
e
19.4 Endocrine Pancreas and Control of Fuel Metabolism
HUPH.SHER.16.19.4.1 – Describe the three processes included in fuel metabolism
26. What nutrient is the major energy source during the absorptive state?
a.
B vitamins
b.
electrolytes
c.
fatty acids
d.
amino acids
e.
glucose
e
19.4 Endocrine Pancreas and Control of Fuel Metabolism
27. How long does it take the average meal to be completely absorbed?
a.
4 hours
b.
6 hours
c.
12 hours
d.
18 hours
e.
24 hours
a
19.4 Endocrine Pancreas and Control of Fuel Metabolism
HUPH.SHER.16.19.4.3 – Describe the two functional metabolic states
28. What are some lesser energy sources the body can convert to glucose?
a.
enzymes, lactate, and hemoglobin
b.
glycerol, lactate, and ketone bodies
c.
glycerol, hemoglobin, and cholesterol
d.
glycerol, ascorbic acid, and ketone bodies
e.
enzymes, ascorbic acid, and cholesterol
19.4 Endocrine Pancreas and Control of Fuel Metabolism
HUPH.SHER.16.19.4.1 – Describe the three processes included in fuel metabolism
29. What cell type constitutes the highest percentage of islet cells within the pancreas?
a.
epsilon cells
b.
alpha cells
c.
beta cells
d.
delta cells
e.
gamma cells
c
19.4 Endocrine Pancreas and Control of Fuel Metabolism
HUPH.SHER.16.19.4.4 – Explain the importance of insulin in regulating fuel metabolism
30. How many glucose transporters (GLUTs) have been identified?
a.
2
b.
5
c.
8
d.
10
e.
14
e
19.4 Endocrine Pancreas and Control of Fuel Metabolism
31. What is the major controlling factor for insulin levels?
a.
diurnal patterns
b.
pancreatic health
c.
availability of digestive enzymes
d.
blood glucose concentration
e.
percentage of body fat
d
19.4 Endocrine Pancreas and Control of Fuel Metabolism
HUPH.SHER.16.19.4.5 – Describe four factors that control insulin secretion
32. What diabetes sub-type is characterized by a lack of insulin secretion?
a.
prediabetes
b.
type 1
c.
type 2
d.
type 3
e.
insipidus
b
19.4 Endocrine Pancreas and Control of Fuel Metabolism
HUPH.SHER.16.19.4 – Discuss the need for regulating plasma calcium (ECF Ca2+)
33. How much of the body’s calcium resides within the ECF?
a.
0.1%
b.
1%
c.
10%
d.
50%
e.
99%
a
19.5 Parathyroid Glands and Control of Calcium Metabolism
HUPH.SHER.16.19.4 – Discuss the need for regulating plasma calcium (ECF Ca2+)
34. What is the principal regulator of Ca2+ metabolism?
a.
aldosterone
b.
cortisol
c.
parathyroid hormone
d.
thyroid hormone
e.
calcitonin
c
19.5 Parathyroid Glands and Control of Calcium Metabolism
35. Osteocytes, despite their boney confinement, influence ongoing bone formation by secreting what paracrine?
a.
calcitonin
b.
sclerostin
c.
vasopressin
d.
osteoprotegerin
e.
RANK ligand
19.5 Parathyroid Glands and Control of Calcium Metabolism
HUPH.SHER.16.19.5.1 – Explain the two purposes of bone remodeling
36. The surface osteoblasts and entombed osteocytes are connected by an extensive network of small, fluid-containing
canals, called the:
a.
osteons
b.
trabecular canals
c.
central canals
d.
lamellae
e.
canaliculi
e
19.4 Endocrine Pancreas and Control of Fuel Metabolism
HUPH.SHER.16.19.4.6 – Explain the consequences of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia
37. What vitamin does parathyroid hormone enhance activation of in the kidneys?
a.
vitamin A
b.
vitamin B6
c.
vitamin C
d.
vitamin D
e.
vitamin E
Bloom’s: Remember
19.5 Parathyroid Glands and Control of Calcium Metabolism
38. Phosphate helps to form the backbone of what molecules?
a.
organic acids
b.
polypeptides
c.
digestive enzymes
d.
DNA
e.
glucose
Bloom’s: Remember
19.5 Parathyroid Glands and Control of Calcium Metabolism
HUPH.SHER.16.19.5.4 – List the mechanisms that control phosphate metabolism
39. What is the term for vitamin D deficiency in adults?
a.
osteomalacia
b.
osteoporosis
c.
osteosarcoma
d.
rickets
e.
Cushing’s disease
a
Bloom’s: Remember
19.5 Parathyroid Glands and Control of Calcium Metabolism
HUPH.SHER.16.19.5.5 – Discuss the three primary disorders that affect Ca2+ metabolism
40. What does hypoparathyroidism lead to?
a.
hypernatremia and vitamin D deficiency
b.
hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia
c.
hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia
d.
hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia
e.
hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia
Bloom’s: Remember
19.5 Parathyroid Glands and Control of Calcium Metabolism
HUPH.SHER.16.19.5.3 – Identify three factors that influence the plasma calcium levels
Chapter 19 – The Peripheral Endocrine Glands
e
41. Thyroid hormone is essential for normal growth because of its effects on growth hormone and IGF-I.
a.
True
b.
False
True
42. The hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), in tropic fashion, “turns on” TSH secretion by the anterior
pituitary.
a.
True
b.
False
True
43. A prominent feature of Graves’ disease and all types of hyperthyroidism is exophthalmos.
a.
True
b.
False
False
44. A goiter may accompany hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, but it need not be present in either condition.
a.
True
b.
False
True
45. Cortisol inhibits glucose uptake and use by many tissues, including the brain.
a.
True
b.
False
False
46. Excess adrenal androgen secretion, a masculinizing condition, is far less common than the feminizing condition of
excess adrenal estrogen secretion.
a.
True
b.
False
47. In primary adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison’s disease), all layers of the adrenal cortex are undersecreting.
a.
True
b.
False
True
48. Of the total adrenomedullary catecholamine output, epinephrine accounts for 20% and norepinephrine for 80%.
a.
True
b.
False
False
49. Epinephrine reduces blood glucose levels by several different mechanisms.
a.
True
b.
False
False
50. When the sympathetic system is activated under conditions of fear or stress, it simultaneously triggers a surge of
adrenomedullary catecholamine release.
a.
True
b.
False
True
51. In addition to the effects of cortisol in the hypothalamus– pituitary–adrenal cortex axis, ACTH may also play a role in