Campbell Biology: Concepts and Connections, 8e (Reece et al.)
Chapter 19 The Evolution of Vertebrate Diversity
19.1 Multiple-Choice Questions
1) The duck-billed platypus and other monotremes differ from other mammals in that they
A) are aquatic.
B) lay eggs.
C) have mammary glands.
D) have hair.
2) Which of the following is characteristic of all vertebrates?
A) a skull and a backbone consisting of vertebrae
B) a calcified (hard) skeleton and four legs
C) a hinged jaw
D) lungs or lung derivatives
3) The vertebrate group that describes all jawed vertebrates with two pairs of limbs is the
A) craniates.
B) amniotes.
C) tetrapods.
D) mammals.
4) Craniates are chordates that all possess
A) a head.
B) jaws.
C) a vertebral column.
D) amniotic eggs.
5) Lampreys differ from fishes in that lampreys
A) lack a backbone.
B) lack an endoskeleton.
C) lack jaws.
D) possess a backbone and skull.
6) A key derived character of sharks and rays that distinguishes them from ray-finned fishes is
A) jaws and a swim bladder.
B) vertebrae.
C) calcified (hard) bones.
D) a skeleton made of cartilage
7) Jaws appear to have evolved from
A) the fusion of many bony elements found in the skin of the neck region of jawless ancestors.
B) a large, bony shield that protruded from between the base of the pectoral fins.
C) modification of a disk of bones surrounding the mouth in lampreys.
D) skeletal rods that supported gill slits near the mouth.
8) Unlike sharks and rays, ray-finned fishes have
A) an operculum.
B) a lateral line system.
C) a flexible skeleton made of cartilage.
D) hinged jaws.
9) By far the largest number of extant fish species on Earth have
A) a cartilaginous skeleton.
B) rasping tongues to enhance their parasitic behavior.
C) an operculum and swim bladder.
D) high economic importance for their skin, which can be made into faux leather.
10) The key derived character of the lobe-finned fish is
A) the lateral line system.
B) the series of rod-shaped bones in their pectoral and pelvic fins.
C) the operculum.
D) the flattened scales covering their skin.
11) Based on Acanthostega fossils, scientists now believe that the earliest tetrapods
A) were fully terrestrial.
B) were amphibians that used their limbs to drag themselves over the land from one water hole
to another.
C) were fish that used their limbs to raise themselves out of the water to get gulps of air for
oxygen.
D) were reptiles that resembled crocodiles.
12) Amphibians were diverse and abundant in the lush swamp forests of the ________, which is
sometimes referred to as the age of the amphibians.
A) Cambrian period
B) Pleistocene epoch
C) Mesozoic era
D) Carboniferous period
13) Recall that the cuticle seals plant surfaces and helps plants conserve water, and the seed
helps derived plant groups to reproduce effectively on dry land. The analogous adaptations in
reptiles are ________ (analogous to the cuticle) and ________ (analogous to the seed).
A) scales; jellylike egg masses
B) scales; the amniotic egg
C) scales; aquatic larvae
D) claws; lungs
14) Which of the following adaptations allowed reptiles to complete their life cycles on land?
A) lungs
B) ectothermic metabolism
C) an amniotic egg
D) four legs
15) Which animals are ectothermic?
A) frogs and mammals
B) lizards and birds
C) turtles and lizards
D) birds and mammals
16) Which of the following statements best summarizes the difference between ectothermic and
endothermic organisms?
A) Ectotherms are warm-blooded, but endotherms are cold-blooded.
B) Endotherms are warm-blooded, but ectotherms are cold-blooded.
C) Endotherms control their temperature, but ectotherms have no control over their temperature.
D) Ectotherms absorb external heat, but endotherms use metabolic heat to maintain a warm,
steady body temperature.
17) Which of the following statements best describes the current scientific view of birds?
A) a group of feathered, endothermic dinosaurs
B) a group of feathered, ectothermic lizards that lack teeth
C) a group of flying, endothermic reptiles that have lost teeth, the amniotic egg, and other heavy
body features as an adaptation for flight
D) a group of flying mammals that are derived from monotremes, which also lay amniotic eggs
18) Which bird adaptation is probably less well-developed in flightless birds such as penguins
and ostriches?
A) honeycombed bone structure
B) amniotic egg
C) vertebrae
D) presence of feathers
19) Which of the following statements best describes how flight and feathers are related in the
evolution of birds?
A) The first flying birds did not have feathers, which evolved later.
B) Feathers and flight evolved at the same time.
C) The first feathered ancestors to birds did not fly but may have used their feathers for
insulation and display.
D) Feathers are soft and do not leave fossils or fossil traces, so it is unknown which organisms
first had feathers.
20) Mammals
A) evolved from birds.
B) all give birth to live young.
C) all lay eggs.
D) have hair and mammary glands.
21) Which part of the body is likely to be much more diverse in mammals compared to that in
other groups?
A) the teeth
B) the structure of the vertebrae
C) the structure of the limbs
D) the jawbone
22) Which of the following organisms is a marsupial?
A) echidna
B) kangaroo
C) whale
D) zebra
23) Which of the following organisms is a monotreme?
A) echidna
B) kangaroo
C) whale
D) zebra
24) The forward-facing eyes shared by all primates help them in
A) manipulating small objects.
B) depth perception as they navigate through forests.
C) swinging from tree branches.
D) seeing in the dark.
25) Natural populations of lemurs are found in
A) Borneo.
B) North Africa.
C) New Zealand.
D) Madagascar.
26) Compared to other primates, anthropoids have
A) a decreased reliance upon vision.
B) a stronger reliance upon smell.
C) a fully opposable thumb.
D) smaller total body size in most cases.
27) A prehensile tail is like an opposable thumb in that both
A) evolved before the anthropoids.
B) are used for grasping.
C) can be fully bent in any direction.
D) are characteristics of the earliest primates.
28) Prehensile tails are found among
A) Old World monkeys.
B) most hominoids.
C) New World monkeys.
D) all primates.
29) Complete the analogy: ________ is/are to birds as ________ is/are to mammals.
A) Wings; legs
B) Water; milk
C) Feathers; hair
D) Wings; opposable thumbs
30) Which of the following animals is an ape?
A) New World monkey
B) Old World monkey
C) orangutan
D) tarsier
31) Which of the following animal groups is characterized by the absence of tails?
A) apes
B) Old World monkeys
C) New World monkeys
D) lemurs
9.
32) ________ spend almost all of their time on the ground, instead of in trees.
A) Gorillas
B) Orangutans
C) Gibbons
D) Chimpanzees
33) Reptiles are not able to eat as frequently as mammals and birds can eat. This is due to a trait
that mammals and birds share but that reptiles do not have. What is this trait?
A) airfoils
B) endothermy
C) amniotic egg
D) teeth
34) The Salalizard is a fictional vertebrate that lives in the forest and appears to be half
salamander and half lizard. You are not allowed to collect any wild animals, so you decide to
take a video of it to show your colleagues. What behavior best distinguishes the Salalizard as
either a salamander (amphibian) or a lizard (reptile)?
A) what the animal eats
B) if it lives in trees
C) where it reproduces
D) whether it is active at night
35) Human DNA and chimpanzee DNA
A) differ by about 1%.
B) differ by about 3%.
C) differ by more than 10%.
D) differ by the same amount that human DNA differs from orangutan DNA.
36) The last common ancestor shared by humans and chimpanzees lived about
A) 6,000-8,000 years ago.
B) 5-7 million years ago.
C) 25-40 million years ago.
D) 1.5-2.5 billion years ago.
37) The hominin group includes ________.
A) Homo sapiens only
B) Homo sapiens and several extinct human relatives.
C) humans and all other apes.
D) all anthropoids.
38) “Lucy,” who belongs to the group ________, was a bipedal hominin with a brain smaller
than that of humans.
A) Australopithecus
B) Homo erectus
C) Ardipithecus
D) Homo habilis
39) Hominin fossil footprints that are obviously bipedal date to about ________ years ago.
A) 50,000
B) 100,000
C) 3.6 million
D) 12 million
40) Which of the following is the first distinctively hominin trait to appear in the fossil record?
A) sophisticated stone tools
B) increased brain size
C) upright walking (bipedalism)
D) a very long period of parental care
41) ________ appears to have been the first hominin to use stone tools.
A) Homo erectus
B) Homo habilis
C) Ardipithecus
D) Australopithecus
42) Which extinct hominin first appeared about 1.9 million years ago and had a larger brain than
Homo habilis, its immediate predecessor?
A) Homo ergaster
B) Homo neanderthalensis
C) Homo sapiens
D) Australopithecus
43) According to the fossil record, the genus Homo first arose in
A) North America.
B) Europe.
C) Asia.
D) Africa.
44) The earliest hominin to be found outside of Africa belongs to which species?
A) Australopithecus afarensis
B) Homo habilis
C) Homo erectus
D) Homo sapiens
45) Neanderthals are best described as
A) direct ancestors to modern humans.
B) direct ancestors to modern Europeans but not to other human populations.
C) a localized form or subspecies of Homo sapiens that was well-adapted to living in caves and
carrying clubs.
D) a hominin that colonized Europe independently of Homo sapiens and that may or may not
have interbred with modern humans.
46) The most recent evidence clarifying the relationship between modern humans and
Neanderthals comes from analysis of
A) skeletal structure.
B) the types of tools that were made by Neanderthals.
C) Neanderthal artwork and burial rites.
D) Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA.
47) Fossil and genetic evidence strongly supports the idea that modern humans
A) independently arose from three different ancestral Homo species in Africa and Eurasia.
B) all derive from a single African lineage that spread from there into other parts of the world
starting about 50,000 years ago.
C) derive from an African lineage but also have genes derived from mixing with several
Eurasian descendants of Homo erectus.
D) derive from Neanderthals that independently evolved the features of modern humans in
Europe and Africa.