48) The activity that increases our uptake of oxygen is
A) working on a computer.
B) running.
C) train watching.
D) standing.
49) The immediate source of energy for muscle action is
A) glycogen.
B) starch.
C) ATP.
D) fatty acids.
50) Once ATP is depleted, the next available energy source for muscle is from
A) glucose.
B) glycogen.
C) fats.
D) protein.
51) If insufficient oxygen is available to muscles during energy conversion, the by-products of energy
production are water and
A) pyruvic acid.
B) lactic acid.
C) carbon dioxide.
D) ATP.
14
52) If sufficient oxygen is available to muscles during energy conversion, the by–products of energy
production are water and
A) pyruvic acid.
B) lactic acid.
C) carbon dioxide.
D) ATP.
53) In order for an athlete to build muscle mass, he might switch to a ________ diet.
A) high protein
B) low fat
C) high liquid
D) low diary
54) An oxygen debt is incurred when a person is engaged in
A) aerobic exercise.
B) anaerobic exercise.
C) electrolytic depletion.
D) overeating.
55) During the last stages of a marathon (26 miles) the body’s principal source of energy is
A) ATP.
B) glycogen.
C) fat.
D) protein.
56) The protein directly responsible for muscle contraction is
A) collagen.
B) actomyosin.
C) keratin.
D) hemoglobin.
57) Respiratory capacity of muscle is increased by
A) light exercise.
B) endurance exercise.
C) weight lifting.
D) eating more protein.
58) Which activity is aided by a large proportion of fast-twitch muscles?
A) lifting a 100 kg weight
B) swimming 1.5 km
C) a 6-day bicycle race
D) running 50 km
59) The albatross (a sea bird) can fly for days on end. Its breast muscle would have a high proportion of
A) fat.
B) glycogen.
C) lactic acid.
D) slow-twitch muscle.
60) Which activity would be aided by a large proportion of slow-twitch muscles?
A) lifting a 300 lb weight
B) hitting a home run
C) slam dunking a basketball
D) swimming 2.5 km
61) Muscles are built through
A) eating a protein rich diet.
B) taking an amino acid supplement.
C) taking megavitamin and mineral supplements.
D) exercise.
62) For a person at rest, muscle activity accounts for what percent of the body’s energy requirements?
A) 5-10 %
B) 15-30 %
C) 45-60 %
D) 75-90 %
63) Drugs used commonly by athletes and others to relieve pain include
A) ketoprofen.
B) heroin.
C) cocaine.
D) vitamin C.
17
64) Anabolic steroids
A) enhance the buildup of muscle tissue.
B) reduce inflammation.
C) increase testicular mass.
D) increase sexual potency.
65) Athletic performance can best be improved by
A) anabolic steroids.
B) electrolyte replacement fluids.
C) blood doping.
D) practice.
66) Which of the following would NOT be considered restorative drugs?
A) anabolic steroids
B) analgesics
C) anti-inflammatories
D) blood thinner drugs
67) Which of the following statements about the effects of anabolic steroids is NOT correct?
A) They can cause liver damage.
B) They can cause edema.
C) They can cause cancer.
D) They are sexual enhancers.
68) You bike 50 km. Though tired, you feel great because your brain has synthesized some
A) amphetamine.
B) endorphins.
C) glucose.
D) morphine.
69) Capsaicin is used as ________ for sore muscles.
A) a muscle relaxer
B) a counterirritant
C) an analgesic
D) an ice pack
70) Regular exercise will affect the brain by
A) producing neurotrophins.
B) enhancing the growth of brain cells.
C) increasing the connections between brain cells.
D) all of the above
71) A smoker’s breathing is less efficient because of ________ in the smoke.
A) NaI
B) Cu
C) SO2
D) CO
72) Which of the following is NOT associated with smoking?
A) There is an increased percentage of premature births.
B) There is an increased rate of bladder cancer.
C) Lung cilia have a black tar-like coating.
D) There is an increased rate of AIDS.
73) Most sport materials are made from
A) cotton.
B) wool.
C) other natural polymers.
D) synthetic polymers.
74) Which of the following is NOT a property of synthetic fabrics used for athletic clothing?
A) They wick perspiration away from the skin.
B) They have small holes that allow water vapor but not water droplets to pass through.
C) They can stretch when the athlete moves.
D) They dry slowly.
1) It is healthier to eat too much rather than too little.
2) Drugs such as the statins are equally as effective in preventing heart attacks as diet and exercise are.
3) Vitamin C is an antioxidant.
4) There are no consequences that result from taking more than the RDA of folic acid.
5) The three main electrolytes in the body are chloride, barium, and carbonate ions.
6) The best way to replace water lost by the body is to drink milk.
7) A person who diets many times and regains the weight has a more difficult time losing weight the next
time he/she diets.
8) Diuretics lower the output of urine.
9) A benefit of exercise is that the metabolic rate is increased during the exercise and it continues at an
elevated level for several hours after the exercise is completed.
10) A person with a high percentage of body fat will have a relatively low body density.
11) The amount of CO2 that a person exhales is approximately equal to the amount of CO2 that was
removed from the atmosphere and made into carbohydrates that were eaten by the person.
12) Walking expends energy and contributes to weight loss.
13) Fast-twitch muscle fibers are best suited for anaerobic activity.
14) Weight training will increase the capacity for aerobic exercise.
15) Steroid hormones that increase muscle mass are known as anabolic steroids.
16) The use of performance enhancing drugs has resulted in drug screening at major sports events, such
as the Olympics.
17) Endorphins decrease athletic performance.
18) Synthetic analogs of endorphins are addictive, but natural endorphins are not.
19) Cigarette smoke contains only a few compounds that have negative health effects.
20) More than 7000 chemicals have been identified in tobacco smoke.
21) Secondhand smoke poses a danger to nonsmokers.
19.3 Short Answer Questions
1) The recommended maximum percentage of calories from fat in one‘s diet is ________%; in the typical
American diet, ________% comes from fat.
2) A mineral that is needed in the body is
3) The only way to lose weight is to increase ________ and/or decrease ________.
4) Loss of fat during any weight loss program that does not include an exercise program is accompanied
by a loss of ________.
5) If sufficient oxygen is available to muscles during energy conversion, the by–products of energy
production are water and ________.
6) Methyl salicylate is used as a rub-on type drug for sore muscles. It is a(n) ________.
19.4 Essay Questions
1) The Law of Conservation of Mass applies to dieting, too. Explain.
2) Compare the energy and muscle processes involved in running a sprint and running a marathon.
3) Use pole vaulting as an example of how the chemistry of sports materials has enhanced athletic
performance.