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C)
Ti
D)
Ar
E)
none of these
46. Identify the missing particle in the following nuclear equation:
Al + __________ → Na +
A)
n
B)
n
C)
e
D)
e
E)
2 n
47. When the Pd-106 nucleus is struck with an alpha particle, a proton is produced along with a
new element. What is this new element?
A)
Cd-112
B)
Cd 109
C)
Ag-108
D)
Ag-109
E)
none of these
48. An archaeological sample contains 0.743 g of lead-206 and 2.145 g of uranium-238.
Assume that all the lead now present in the rock came from the radioactive decay of the
uranium and that no appreciable amounts of other radioactive nuclides are present in the
sample. The decay rate constant for the uranium is 1.537 10–10/ year. Determine the half-
life of the uranium.
A)
4.509 109 years
B)
1.065 10–10 years
C)
depends on the age of the sample
D)
depends on the organic content of the sample
E)
two of these
49. An archaeological sample contains 0.739 g of lead-206 and 2.328 g of uranium-238.
Assume that all the lead now present in the rock came from the radioactive decay of the
uranium and that no appreciable amounts of other radioactive nuclides are present in the
sample. The decay rate constant for the uranium is 1.54 10–10/year. What is the age of the
sample?
A)
8.54 109 years
B)
8.81 108 years
C)
2.03 109 years
D)
6.51 109 years
E)
none of these
50. Use the following data to determine the expected 14C activity in the Shroud of Turin. The
atmospheric activity of 14C is 15 cpm/gC (counts per minute per gram of carbon). Assume
that the cloth was made in the year 24 A.D. The half-life of 14C is 5730 years.
A)
28 cpm/gC
B)
7.3 cpm/gC
C)
5.1 cpm/gC
D)
11 cpm/gC
E)
12 cpm/gC
51. A sample of wood from an Egyptian mummy case gives a count of 7.8 cpm/gC (counts
per minute per gram of carbon). How old is the wood? (The initial decay rate of is 15.3
cpm/g C, and its half-life is 5730 years.)
A)
2785 yr
B)
8071 yr
C)
5571 yr
D)
6621 yr
E)
none of these
52. If a tree dies and the trunk remains undisturbed for 13,261 years, what percentage of
original is still present? (half-life of = 5730 years)
A)
79.9%
B)
20.1%
C)
40.2%
D)
30.2%
E)
2.31%
53. The half-life for electron capture for is 1.3 billion years. What will be the /
ratio in a rock that is 5.1 billion years old?
A)
0.066
B)
14
C)
0.071
D)
3.9
E)
15
54. It is desired to determine the blood volume of a live mouse. To do this, 0.10 mL of a saline
suspension of red blood cells labeled with Fe is injected into the tail vein. Before
injection, the gamma rays were counted for this 0.10-mL solution and the count rate found
to be 1.0 104 cpm. After a sufficient time for the blood to be thoroughly mixed, 0.10 mL
of blood is removed and counted. The sample is found to have a count rate of 539 cpm.
What is the approximate blood volume of the mouse?
A)
0.54 mL
B)
19 mL
C)
5.4 mL
D)
5.3 mL
E)
1.9 mL
55. A 0.20-mL sample of a solution containing H that produces 3.7 103 cps is injected into
the bloodstream of an animal. After allowing circulatory equilibrium to be established, a
0.20-mL sample of blood is found to have an activity of 37 cps. Calculate the blood volume
of the animal.
A)
0.50 L
B)
20 mL
C)
10 mL
D)
100 mL
E)
none of these
56. Radioactive tracers are useful in studying very low concentrations of chemical species. A
chemist has a sample of HgI2 in which part of the iodine is the radioactive nuclide of mass
131, so that the count rate is 5.0 1011 counts per minute per mole of I. The solid mercuric
iodide is placed in water and allowed to come to equilibrium. Then 100 mL of the solution
is withdrawn, and its radioactivity is measured and found to give 22 counts per minute.
What is the molar concentration of iodide ion in the solution?
A)
1.1 10–9
B)
4.4 10–10
C)
1.1 10–10
D)
1.1 10–11
E)
4.4 10–11
57. Which statement is true about the following reaction?
N
+
He
→
O
+
H
13.992
4.0015
16.9986
1.0073
amu
amu
amu
amu
A)
Energy is absorbed in the reaction.
B)
Energy is released in the reaction.
C)
No energy change is associated with the reaction.
D)
Not enough information is given to determine the energy change.
E)
None of these.
58. One of the hopes for solving the world's energy problem is to make use of the fusion
reaction:
H + H → He + n + energy
How much energy is released when one mole of deuterium is fused with one mole of tritium
according to the above reaction? The masses of the atoms and the neutrons are:
H = 2.0140 amu H = 3.01605 amu
He = 4.002603 amu n = 1.008665 amu
The speed of light is 2.9979 108 m/s
A)
5.63 108 J
B)
56.3 J
C)
1.69 1012 J
D)
7.84 1044 J
E)
8.44 1011 J
59. Consider the following process:
N
+
He
→
O
+
H
Masses (amu):
14.003074
4.002603
16.999133
1.007825
Which statement describes E for the process?
A)
1.15 1011 J/mol are released.
B)
1.15 1014 J/mol are released.
C)
1.15 1018 J/mol are absorbed.
D)
1.15 1011 J/mol are absorbed.
E)
None of these.
60. Calculate E in kilojoules per mole for the following reaction:
Th → He + Ra
Atomic masses: 230Th = 230.0332, 4He = 4.00260, 226Ra = 226.02544.
A)
–4.6 108 kJ/mol
B)
–2.4 106 kJ/mol
C)
0
D)
+2.4 106 kJ/mol
E)
+4.6 108 kJ/mol
61. Calculate the change in energy in kJ/mol for the transmutation of radium from the given
molar masses:
Ra
→
He
+
226.0254 g/mol
4.0026 g/mol
222.0176 g/mol
A)
–5.2 kJ/mol
B)
–1.6 kJ/mol
C)
–4.7 1014 kJ/mol
D)
–4.7 108 kJ/mol
E)
+1.6 108 kJ/mol
62. If one mole of oxygen-16 were formed from protons and neutrons, 0.1366 g of mass would
be lost. What can best account for this loss?
A)
When fission occurs, the nuclei remaining always has a smaller mass.
B)
Converting from the atomic scale (in amu's) to the macroscopic scale (in grams)
can often cause minor errors to occur.
C)
The process was so exothermic, the system lost energy, which meant that it also
lost mass.
D)
This is impossible because of the Law of Conservation of Matter (so mass must be
conserved).
E)
Both A and C are correct.
63. Iron-56 ( Fe) has a binding energy per nucleon of 8.79 MeV. (1MeV is 1.60 10–13 J).
Determine the difference in mass between one mole of iron-56 nuclei and the component
nucleons of which it is made.
A)
9.41 10–6 kg
B)
2.43 10–5 kg
C)
6.65 10–5 kg
D)
5.27 10–4 kg
E)
7.21 10–4 kg
64. The bismuth-209 nucleus has a binding energy per nucleon of 7.6514 MeV. (1 MeV is 1.60
10–13 J). Determine the difference in mass between one mole of bismuth-209 nuclei and
the component nucleons of which it is made.
A)
1.71 10–3 kg
B)
3.92 10–8 kg
C)
8.20 10–6 kg
D)
2.56 10–10 kg
E)
6.81 10–4 kg
65. The lead-208 nucleus has a mass defect of 1.714 g/mol.
Determine the binding energy per nucleon for lead-208 nuclei. (1 MeV is 1.602 10–13 J).
A)
1.597 10–4 MeV
B)
1.597 103 MeV
C)
19.47 MeV
D)
24.68 MeV
E)
7.677 MeV
66. The mass defect arises because the sum of masses of the component nucleons is less than
that of the nucleus.
67. In the following fission reaction, identify the other product:
U + n → I + 2 n + __________
A)
Y
B)
Y
C)
Mo
D)
Mo
E)
Zr
68. What nuclide is necessary to balance the following fission reaction?
U + n → 3 n + Ba + __________
A)
Br
B)
Kr
C)
Rb
D)
Kr
E)
Sr
69. Which of the following balanced equations is labeled incorrectly?
A)
fission: Bi + He → At + 2 n
B)
fusion: H + H → H + H
C)
bombardment: Pu + n → Am + e
D)
beta production: U → Np + e
E)
all correctly labeled
70. Breeder reactors are used to convert the nonfissionable nuclide U to a fissionable
product. Neutron capture of the U is followed by two successive beta decays. What is the
final fissionable product?
A)
Pu
B)
Ra
C)
U
D)
Pu
E)
Np
When the U-235 nucleus is struck with a neutron, the Ce-144 and Sr-90 nuclei are produced
along with some neutrons and electrons.
71. How many neutrons are emitted?
A)
2
B)
3
C)
4
D)
5
E)
6
72. How many electrons are emitted?
A)
2
B)
3
C)
4
D)
5
E)
6
73. When the U-235 nucleus is struck with a neutron, the Zn-72 and Sm-160 nuclei are
produced along with some neutrons. How many neutrons are emitted?
A)
2
B)
3
C)
4
D)
5
E)
6
74. The smallest amount of radioactive material that will support a self-sustained fission
reaction is called the
A)
molar mass
B)
moderator
C)
supercritical mass
D)
subcritical mass
E)
critical mass
75. How much energy is released when 5.00 metric tons of 2H2 gas undergoes nuclear fusion?
(1 metric ton = 1000 kg, c = 2.9979 108 m/s, 1 amu = 1.66054 10–27 kg)
2H + 2H → 3He + 1n
Particle
Mass (amu)
1.008665
2.01400
3.01603
A)
7.37 1017 J
B)
2.71 10–18 J
C)
5.39 1064 J
D)
3.69 1017 J
E)
2.67 1071 J
76. Which of the following is true for the fission of uranium-235?
A)
The electron is captured by the nucleus, which becomes unstable.
B)
The products include neutrons.
C)
The nuclides produced are individually heavier than the uranium nuclide.
D)
The nuclides produced are more stable than the uranium nuclide.
E)
Two of these.
77. If more than one neutron from each fission event causes another fission event, the fission
situation is described as
A)
critical
B)
subcritical
C)
supercritical
D)
moderated
E)
none of these
78. Which of the following statements (A-D) is false?
A)
The process of splitting a heavy nucleus into two nuclei with smaller mass
numbers is called fission.
B)
A beta particle is a particle with the same mass as the electron but opposite charge.
C)
Nitrogen can be changed into oxygen by bombarding it with alpha particles.
D)
Archaeologists use radioactivity to determine the age of some artifacts and rocks.
E)
All of the above statements are true.
79. Radioactivity is not useful for:
A)
Dating artifacts and rocks.
B)
Producing electricity.
C)
Tracing pathways in biological systems.
D)
Making chemicals like sulfuric acid.
E)
Radioactivity is useful for all of the above.
80. Which statement about fusion is incorrect?
A)
Fusion requires starting nuclides that are difficult to find on Earth, which is a
problem for scientists.
B)
Studying fusion is a worthwhile research endeavor because this process could be
used as an alternative energy source.
C)
Fusion requires a very high temperature in order to begin, which is a problem for
scientists.
D)
In fusion, two nuclei must be traveling fast enough to overcome the electrostatic
repulsion and “fuse” the particles into a new nucleus.
E)
Both A and C are incorrect.
81. What component of a nuclear reactor moderates the rate of the reaction?
A)
steam turbine
B)
control rods
C)
cooling water
D)
containment shell
E)
cyclotron
82. Which of the following is not a factor in determining the biological effects of radiation
exposure?
A)
the energy of the radiation
B)
the age of the organism at which the exposure occurs
C)
the penetrating ability of the radiation
D)
the chemical properties of the radiation source
E)
the ionizing ability of the radiation
83. The greatest radiation exposure for Americans comes from which of the following?
A)
medical x-rays
B)
nuclear power plants
C)
electrical transmission wires
D)
industrial waste
E)
a combination of the natural causes of radiation including cosmic rays
84. Which unit takes into account the relative ability of radiation to cause damage?
A)
rem
B)
rad
C)
curie
D)
becquerel
E)
cpm
85. Which type of radiation has the lowest penetrating ability?
A)
gamma ray
B)
beta particle
C)
alpha particle
D)
positron
E)
more than one of these
