46) Which of the following phyla is most closely related to echinoderms?
A) Annelida
B) Mollusca
C) Arthropoda
D) Chordata
47) The flexible, longitudinal rod that is located between the digestive tract and the nerve cord in
chordates is called the
A) spinal cord.
B) notochord.
C) dorsal, hollow nerve cord.
D) spine.
48) Which of the following features is unique to chordates?
A) bilateral symmetry
B) a coelom
C) a notochord
D) a complete digestive tract including an anus
49) Which of the following is an invertebrate chordate?
A) lancelets
B) snakes
C) sharks
D) sea urchins
50) To be characterized as a chordate, an organism must
A) display all four key characteristics of Chordata in both the larval and adult stages.
B) possess a backbone in at least one life stage.
C) possess a backbone in both the larval and adult stages.
D) display each of the four key characteristics of the chordates at some point in the life cycle.
51) Which of the following statements about tunicates indicates that these animals are chordates?
A) Larvae show segmentation, radial symmetry, and a pseudocoelom.
B) Larvae have a dorsal hollow nerve cord, a post-anal tail, pharyngeal slits, and a notochord.
C) Larvae and adults both have a true coelom.
D) Tunicates have tube feet and a water vascular system.
52) You find a small, elongated animal embedded in the sand with one end sticking out. Among
other things, it has segmental musculature, a coelom, a notochord, and a complete digestive tract
with an anus located partway down the body. This animal is
A) an annelid.
B) a larval echinoderm.
C) either a larval echinoderm or a chordate.
D) a chordate.
53) Traditional animal phylogenetic trees and the most recent molecular phylogenetic trees have
many similarities. Which is a feature of the recent trees that was not present in the traditional
phylogeny?
A) the placement of Echinodermata and Chordata together in a clade of deuterostomes
B) the status of sponges as the first group to diverge from the other animals
C) the grouping of nematodes and arthropods into a clade called the Ecdysozoa
D) the grouping of all bilaterally symmetric animals within a single clade
54) According to the “new” revised phylogeny based on genetic analyses, annelids are a member
of the Lophotrochozoa and are most closely related to which of the following groups?
A) echinoderms
B) molluscs
C) cnidarians
D) arthropods
55) According to recent genetic research, the complexity of an organism
A) is directly correlated with the number of protein-coding genes in its genome.
B) is inversely related to the number of protein-coding genes in its genome.
C) has more to do with how genes are used than with which genes are present.
D) is not related to genes or development, so it must have another source.
56) Which of the following exhibits bilateral symmetry?
A) a butterfly
B) a sponge
C) a sea anemone
D) a pair of hands
57) Different species of brittle stars (echinoderms) have different feeding mechanisms. When a
species of brittle star feeds by using tentacle-like appendages to capture large food particles, it is
using which of the following feeding mechanisms?
A) radula for feeding
B) suspension feeding
C) clawlike appendages for feeding
D) nectar feeding
58) Which of the following correctly lists organisms from least complex in overall development
to most complex?
A) hydras, sponges, lobsters, clams, tunicates
B) sponges, hydras, clams, lobsters, tunicates
C) sponges, clams, lobsters, tunicates, hydras
D) clams, sponges, hydras, tunicates, lobsters
59) Which of the following statements is true?
A) Cnidarians have no true tissues and are filter feeders, while flatworms have true tissues and a
gastrovascular cavity.
B) Nematodes have no true tissues and are filter feeders, while chordates have true tissues and a
gastrovascular cavity.
C) Molluscs have no true tissues and are filter feeders, while cnidarians have true tissues and a
gastrovascular cavity.
D) Sponges have no true tissues and are filter feeders, while cnidarians have true tissues and a
gastrovascular cavity.
60) Invertebrate diversity contributes to all of the following except
A) medicines.
B) food sources for humans.
C) bioremediation.
D) cosmetics.
61) Cassiopeia is a marine organism with a medusa body that has an unusual orientation: It floats
upside-down. It also has a distinct coloration that is due to algae that live between the epidermis
(outer) layer and gastrodermis (inner layer that lines the digestive cavity) of the Cassiopeia. The
algae provide food for the Cassiopeia, and the Cassiopeia‘s orientation provides sunlight to the
algae for photosynthesis. Cassiopeia is a/an ________, and the Cassiopeia and the algae have a
________ relationship.
A) mollusc; mychorrizal
B) arthropod; symbiotic
C) cnidarian; symbiotic
D) echinoderm; symbiotic
62) Which of the following are threats to the biodiversity of invertebrates?
A) habitat destruction
B) non-native (invasive) species
C) habitat degradation
D) habitat destruction, non-native (invasive) species, habitat degradation
63) Suppose that the bottom of an ocean floor is disrupted, and bits of algae along with other
bottom-dwelling microorganisms are scattered about into the ocean water. Which organism
would be able to take the best advantage of this temporary food source?
A) sponges
B) cnidarians
C) parasitic flatworms
D) soil-dwelling nematodes
64) Complete the analogy: A cuticle is to a nematode as a/an ________ is to a/an ________.
A) sock; shoe
B) raincoat; human
C) collar; dog
D) earring; ear
65) Caddisflies are insects that lay their eggs on the bottom of streams. The eggs mature into
larvae, and eventually the larvae pupate, move to the surface of the stream, shed their pupal
membranes, and emerge as winged adults. Caddisflies demonstrate
A) incomplete metamorphosis.
B) complete metamorphosis.
C) alteration of generations.
D) animal diversification.
66) Suppose you use a dissecting microscope to observe organisms that have colonized discs of
densely packed, fibrous wood (Masonite plates) that have been submerged in 6 inches of lake
water for eight weeks. You see insect cases (protective shelters), insect larvae, and newly
emerged insects with wings. You determine that you are looking at an insect species
A) that undergoes incomplete metamorphosis.
B) that undergoes complete metamorphosis.
C) with a body plan of radial symmetry.
D) with complete digestive tracts.
18.2 Art Questions
1) Which part of this figure shows the thorax segment of the lobster?
A) structure A
B) structure B
C) structure C
D) structure D
20
2) Which part of this figure shows the tube feet of the starfish?
A) structure A
B) structure B
C) structure C
D) structure D
Use the figure below to answer the questions that follow.
.
3) Which phyla of animals are most closely related?
A) Chordates and Nematodes
B) Flatworms and Molluscs
C) Sponges and Chordates
D) Arthropods and Annelids
4) Which group of animals is the most diverse?
A) Sponges
B) Deuterostomes
C) Bilaterians
D) Eumetazoans
18.3 Scenario Questions
After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Corals belong to phylum Cnidaria. The reefs themselves are made up of millions of polyps, each
of which secretes a calcium carbonate skeleton that becomes part of the reef structure. Corals,
which are attached to the reef as adults, have free-swimming larvae that develop into new
polyps.
Corals are actually colorless. The brilliant colors that are visible on the reef come from the
zooxanthellae (microscopic algae) that live within their body tissues. The zooxanthellae and
corals have a symbiotic relationship in which corals provide carbon dioxide and mineral
nutrients (released as wastes from coral digestion) to the zooxanthellae. The zooxanthellae
perform photosynthesis. Photosynthesis produces nutrients (in the form of sugars) for the coral
and also releases oxygen. This relationship supplements energy from predation and allows corals
to survive in clear tropical water, even though these areas have very low nutrient levels.
1) What advantage do free-swimming larvae confer on reef-building corals?
A) providing reef-building corals with a defense against fishes and other predators
B) allowing reef-building corals to establish colonies in the deep ocean
C) increasing survival since coral larvae have exoskeletons of chitin
D) allowing reef-building corals to expand their populations into new habitats
2) Corals supplement the energy they receive from the zooxanthellae by capturing prey with their
A) amoebocytes.
B) cnidocytes.
C) choanocytes.
D) osteocytes.