1. By a convicted offender in a secure facility, such as a prison or jail, the state seeks to reduce
or eliminate his or her opportunity to commit future crimes.
2. Sparing nondangerous offenders from the stigma and labeling of a criminal conviction and involvement with the
justice process is the goal of .
3. A means that both sentences are served at the same time, and the term of
imprisonment is completed after the longest term has been served.
4. Most jurisdictions that use specify minimum and maximum terms but allow judges
discretion to fix the actual sentence within those limits.
5. laws require offenders to serve 85% of their prison sentences.
6. Executions may actually increase the likelihood of murders being committed; this is a consequence referred to as the
_________________________.
7. usually involves the suspension of the offender’s sentence in return for the promise of
good behavior in the community under supervision.
8. Fines, home confinement, electronic monitoring, intensive probation supervision, restitution, community corrections,
and boot camps are examples of _________________________.
9. The use of was introduced in American law with the passage of the Racketeer Influenced
and Corrupt Organization and the Continuing Criminal Enterprises acts, both of which allow the seizure of any
property derived from illegal enterprises or conspiracies.
10. involves resentencing an offender after a short prison stay.
11. house misdemeanants sentenced to terms of one year or less, as well as some nonserious felons.
12. are maximum control units that are either independent correctional centers or
locked wings of existing prisons.
13. On January 6, 1986, the U.S. Corrections Corporation opened the first privately run state prison in the state of
______________________.
14. The largest operator of privately run prisons in the United States is
15. For many years, the nation’s courts did not interfere in prison operations because of the belief that the courts lacked
technical competence in prison administration, society’s general apathy toward prisons, and the belief that prisoners’
complaints involved privileges rather than rights. This is called the .
16. Prisoners have long suffered severe physical punishment in prison, ranging from whipping to extended periods of
solitary confinement. The courts have held that such treatment is unconstitutional based on the
Amendment.
17. In ____________________________, the Supreme Court gave inmates the right to secure proper medical
attention.
18. The Serious and Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI), which started in 2003, was designed to improve
reentry outcomes along five dimensions: criminal justice, employment, education, health, and .
19. The Act of 2007 provides federal grants to government agencies and nonprofit
organizations to provide employment assistance.
20. A type of parole that uses close surveillance and limited caseload sizes is known as .
21. Which goal of punishment is aimed at reducing future criminality by treating and eliminating the underlying causes of
crime?
a. rehabilitation
b. diversion
c. retribution
d. restoration
22. Which goal of punishment suggests that because criminals benefit from their misdeeds, they deserve to be punished?
a. restoration
b. retribution
c. restitution
d. equity
23. Incarcerating offenders in prisons and jails allows the state to seek to reduce or eliminate offenders’ opportunities to
commit future crimes. This goal of punishment is termed:
a. deterrence
b. specific deterrence
c. incapacitation
d. equity
24. Which goal of punishment aims to spare nondangerous offenders from the stigma and labeling of a criminal
conviction and involvement with the justice process?
a. rehabilitation
b. diversion
c. retribution
d. restoration
25. Which type of sentence requires that upon completion of one sentence, the other term of incarceration begins?
a. concurrent
b. mandatory
c. consecutive
d. indeterminate
26. give the convicted criminal a set number of years to be served in prison and
reflect an orientation toward desert, deterrence, and equality.
a. Indeterminate sentences
b. Determinate sentences
c. Mandatory sentences
d. Concurrent sentences
27. The underlying purpose of indeterminate sentencing is to:
a. restrain the use of judicial discretion.
b. to ensure that sentences are applied in a fair and equitable manner.
c. promote truth–in–sentencing.
d. individualize each sentence in the interest of rehabilitating the offender.
28. Which of the following statements is false regarding sentencing guidelines?
a. Guidelines eliminate discretionary parole.
b. Guidelines allow inmates to reduce their sentences by acquiring time off for good behavior.
c. Guidelines eliminate judicial discretion to reduce racial and gender disparity.
d. Guidelines are mandatory.
29. Truth in sentencing laws require felony offenders to serve what percentage of their prison sentences?
a. 65
b. 75
c. 85
d. 100
30. What impact do habitual offender sentencing laws have on crime rates?
a. Such sentencing laws have great effect on offenders younger than 25.
b. Such sentencing laws have great effect on offenders older than 25.
c. Such sentencing laws have great effect on offenders regardless of age.
d. Such sentencing laws have little effect.
31. Which of the following is considered an extralegal factor that should not, but may, influence sentencing outcomes?
a. the use of weapons
b. seriousness of the offense
c. race or ethnicity
d. prior criminal record
32. What statement is false with regard to racial bias in sentencing?
a. It is possible that some research efforts miss a racial effect because they use invalid measures of race.
b. Minority defendants suffer discrimination in a variety of early court actions that impact on sentencing
decisions.
c. Research on sentencing has failed to show a definitive pattern of racial discrimination.
d. The race of the victim is no more a critical factor in sentencing than is that of the offender.
33. What is false about the nature of the death penalty?
a. Today, capital punishment is limited only to the crime of murder in the first degree.
b. The majority of executions in 2009 were done through lethal injection.
c. Almost half the executions took place in Texas in 2009.
d. Currently, there are more than 5,000 people on death row.
34. .The death penalty has long been one of the most controversial aspects of the justice system. It is known that
executions may actually increase the likelihood of murders being committed, rather than deterring new murders. This
increase is a consequence referred to as:
a. inevitable consequence.
b. execution ramification.
c. execution artifact.
d. brutalization effect.
35. The Supreme Court has placed limitations on the use of the death penalty. Which is not a limit that has been set?
a. People who are mentally ill may not be executed.
b. People under the age of 18 may not be executed.
c. It is not permissible to punish rapists with death.
d. The use of lethal injection has been ruled unconstitutional
36. Which is not an argument that supports the death penalty?
a. The Bible describes methods of executing criminals.
b. The death penalty seems to be in keeping with the current mode of dispensing punishment.
c. Support for capital punishment among whites is skewed by racial attitudes.
d. The death penalty is sometimes the only real threat available to deter crime.
37. Probation usually involves the of an offender’s sentence in return for the promise of good behavior in the
community under the supervision of a probation department.
a. commutation
b. dismissal
c. suspension
d. diversion
38. Probation is the most commonly used alternative sentence, even for those convicted of a felony. Today, how many
offenders are on probation?
a. 100,000
b. 400,000
c. 1 million
d. 4 million
39. Why is there strong economic pressure to grant probation to serious felony offenders?
a. Because treatment and rehabilitation programs can be coupled with probation, which result in cost-
effectiveness.
b. Because probation consistently results in an 80 to 90% success rate and is, therefore, money well spent.
c. Because it costs less than incarceration, making it extremely attractive to policymakers.
d. Because prison overcrowding has resulted in federal funding cuts to other alternative sentencing programs.
40. What is not true about intermediate sentences?
a. They are alternatives to prison.
b. They meet the need for fair, equitable, and proportional punishments.
c. Sanctions include fines, home confinement, and restitution.
d. They are a viable reason for prison overcrowding.
41. Intermediate sanctions are a viable solution to prison overcrowding. Who are the most likely candidates for
intermediate sanctions?
a. first-time felony offenders with no prior criminal history
b. offenders with a low risk of recidivating or who pose little threat to society
c. mentally ill offenders who would not benefit from incapacitation
d. nonviolent juvenile offenders
42. Fines are monetary payments imposed on an offender as an intermediate punishment for a criminal act. They are a
direct offshoot of:
a. the Quaker religious beliefs underlying the American prison system.
b. judicial abuse of discretion in sentencing procedures.
c. the early common–law practice requiring compensation to the victim and state.
d. claims of racial bias in the sentencing process.
43. When a jail term is required as a condition of probation it is termed:
a. shock incarceration.
b. intensive probation.
c. shock probation.
d. split sentencing.
44. What type of control mechanism is commonly used with home confinement?
a. electronic monitoring
b. intensive supervision
c. residential community corrections
d. asset forfeiture
45. Jails in sixteenth-century Europe were used to house those awaiting trial and punishment. Why were jails not used
to house sentenced offenders?
a. Because at that time offenders were transported to the New World.
b. Because at that time punishment consisted of making monetary or service restitution to victims.
c. Because at that time punishment was achieved by fines, exile, corporal punishment, or death.
d. Because at that time convicted offenders were sentenced to a term in the military.
46. Today, how many people are in jail on a daily basis?
a. 250,000
b. 500,000
c. 750,000
d. 1 million
47. Prisons are usually categorized according to:
a. size and location.
b. their levels of security and inmate populations.
c. their levels of education and rehabilitation programming.
d. state and federal jurisdiction.
48. prisons operate without armed guards or walls; usually they are constructed in compounds surrounded
by chain-link fences.
a. Maximum-security
b. Medium-security
c. Minimum-security
d. Supermax
49. Which statement is false about what is known pertaining to supermax prison facilities?
a. Long hours of isolation in supermax prisons may be associated with mental illness and psychological
disturbances.
b. Supermax inmates seem to have a more difficult time readjusting upon release.
c. A stay in a supermax prison inhibits reintegration into other prisons.
d. The intense control staff have over inmates helps with staff–inmate relationships.
50. Private prisons are operated by corporations:
a. because of prison overcrowding.
b. for profit.
c. for low-risk offenders.
d. for humanitarian reasons associated with providing less harsh environments.
51. Which of the following is most true about female inmates?
a. There is an increased risk of HIV due to the ongoing war on drugs.
b. Facilities are inadequate for pregnant convicts.
c. Women traditionally are less violent than males.
d. All of the above.
52. Research has shown that those who participate in faith-based groups in prison traditionally:
a. do better than those who do not once released, but the differences quickly fade.
b. do better than those who do not once released, and over the long term remain crime-free.
c. do worse than those who do not once released.
d. have shown no clear differences.
53. What percentage of the adult inmate population do women constitute?
a. 5 to 6
b. 8 to 10
c. 12 to 15
d. 20 to 22