Chapter 18 – Principles of Endocrinology – The Central Endocrine Glands
1. What is the most abundant chemical category of hormone?
a.
catecholamines
b.
peptide hormones
c.
indoleamines
d.
steroid hormones
e.
lipophilic hormones
18.1 General Principles of Endocrinology
HUPH.SHER.16.18.1 – Describe the functioning of the endocrine system
2. From what are catecholamines derived?
a.
lysine
b.
tryptophan
c.
testosterone
d.
tyrosine
e.
arginine
18.1 General Principles of Endocrinology
HUPH.SHER.16.18.1 – Describe the functioning of the endocrine system
3. Where are indoleamines produced?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
a
18.1 General Principles of Endocrinology
HUPH.SHER.16.18.1 – Describe the functioning of the endocrine system
4. A hormone that has as its primary function the regulation of hormone secretion by another endocrine gland is classified
functionally as a(n):
a.
primary hormone
b.
adrenal hormone
c.
tropic hormone
d.
helper hormone
e.
secondary hormone
c
18.1 General Principles of Endocrinology
HUPH.SHER.16.18.1.1 – List the six major functions performed by the endocrine system
5. How many different hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?
a.
2
b.
3
c.
4
d.
5
e.
6
e
18.1 General Principles of Endocrinology
HUPH.SHER.16.18.1.1 – List the six major functions performed by the endocrine system
6. Norepinephrine is classified as a(n):
a.
hormone
b.
neurotransmitter
c.
hormone and a neurotransmitter
d.
amino acid
e.
enzyme
c
18.1 General Principles of Endocrinology
7. What can testosterone be converted to within the body?
a.
cortisol
b.
norepinephrine
c.
epinephrine
d.
estrogen
e.
aromatase
d
18.1 General Principles of Endocrinology
8. What kind of lipophilic hormone stays active in the blood the longest?
a.
catecholamines
b.
thyroid hormone
c.
insulin
d.
indoleamines
e.
steroids
b
18.1 General Principles of Endocrinology
HUPH.SHER.16.18.1.3 – Describe the four factors that influence the effective plasma
9. The secretion rates of many endocrine hormones rhythmically fluctuate up and down as a function of time, which is
referred to as their:
a.
circadian rhythm
b.
luminosity
c.
day cycle
d.
light rhythm
e.
night cycle
a
18.1 General Principles of Endocrinology
10. What is the main nutrient needed in order to synthesize thyroid hormone?
a.
iodine
b.
iron
c.
glucose
d.
protein
e.
tyrosine
a
18.1 General Principles of Endocrinology
HUPH.SHER.16.18.1.5 – Discuss the three causes of endocrine disorders
11. Testicular feminization syndrome is an example of:
a.
hypersecretion
b.
hyposecretion
c.
over-sensitization
d.
neuropathology
e.
abnormal target-cell responsiveness
e
18.1 General Principles of Endocrinology
HUPH.SHER.16.18.1.5 – Discuss the three causes of endocrine disorders
12. A hormone can influence the activity of another hormone at a given target cell in one of three ways:
a.
permissiveness, synergism, and stimulation
b.
combination, synergism, and stimulation
c.
permissiveness, synergism, and antagonism
d.
combination, overreaction, and antagonism
e.
permissiveness, overreaction, and antagonism
c
concentration of a hormone
13. What endocrine gland secretes melatonin?
a.
hypothalamus
b.
adrenal cortex
c.
adrenal medulla
d.
pineal gland
e.
posterior pituitary gland
18.1 General Principles of Endocrinology
of another hormone at a given target cell
14. How many lobes does the pituitary gland have?
a.
one
b.
two
c.
three
d.
four
e.
five
18.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary
HUPH.SHER.16.18.2.1 – Describe the anatomy of the pituitary gland
15. What is another term for the neurohypophysis?
a.
anterior pituitary
b.
posterior pituitary
c.
hypophysis
d.
adenohypophysis
e.
hypothalamus
18.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary
HUPH.SHER.16.18.2.1 – Describe the anatomy of the pituitary gland
16. What is another term for the adenohypophysis?
a.
anterior pituitary
b.
posterior pituitary
c.
hypophysis
d.
neurohypophysis
e.
hypothalamus
a
18.1 General Principles of Endocrinology
17. What does the posterior pituitary gland release into the blood?
a.
steroid hormones
b.
secretin and cholecystokinin
c.
adipokines
d.
vasopressin and oxytocin
e.
cortisol and epinephrine
18.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary
pituitary
18. What kind of behavior does oxytocin facilitate?
a.
sexual promiscuity
b.
aggression
c.
ritualistic behavior
d.
increased awareness and cognition
e.
bonding between mother and infant
e
18.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary
19. What anterior pituitary cells secrete growth hormone?
a.
corticotropes
b.
thyrotropes
c.
somatotropes
d.
gonadotropes
e.
lactotropes
c
18.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary
20. What do corticotropes produce and release?
a.
LH
b.
FSH
c.
ACTH
d.
TSH
18.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary
HUPH.SHER.16.18.2.1 – Describe the anatomy of the pituitary gland
Chapter 18 – Principles of Endocrinology – The Central Endocrine Glands
e.
GH
c
18.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary
21. What is the endocrine axis?
a.
thalamus-hypothalamus-pituitary axis
b.
hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis
c.
thalamus-hypothalamus-thyroid axis
d.
hypothalamus–pituitary-pineal axis
e.
thalamus-pituitary-pineal axis
18.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary
22. What hormone is identical to prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)?
a.
melatonin
b.
ACTH
c.
serotonin
d.
dopamine
e.
luteinizing hormone (LH)
18.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary
23. In most cases, hypophysiotropic hormones initiate a:
a.
direct hormone sequence
b.
two hormone sequence
c.
three hormone sequence
d.
four hormone sequence
e.
five hormone sequence
c
18.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary
pituitary hormone secretion
24. What nutrient is the most important factor for musculoskeletal growth?
a.
protein (amino acids)
Chapter 18 – Principles of Endocrinology – The Central Endocrine Glands
b.
fatty acids
c.
carbohydrates
d.
trace minerals
e.
dietary fiber
a
18.3 Endocrine Control of Growth
HUPH.SHER.16.18.3.1 – Discuss the relationship between growth and growth hormone (GH)
25. Stress triggers the release of what hormone from the adrenal cortex?
a.
dopamine
b.
growth hormone
c.
melatonin
d.
testosterone
e.
cortisol
e
18.3 Endocrine Control of Growth
HUPH.SHER.16.18.3.1 – Discuss the relationship between growth and growth hormone (GH)
26. What is the most abundant hormone produced by the anterior pituitary?
a.
vasopressin
b.
oxytocin
c.
cortisol
d.
testosterone
e.
growth hormone
e
18.3 Endocrine Control of Growth
HUPH.SHER.16.18.3.2 – Discuss three metabolic effects of GH
27. Somatomedins have been renamed:
a.
insulin-like growth factors
b.
pancreatic growth factors
c.
cortisol-like stimulators
d.
somato-stimulators
e.
growth enhancing peptides
a
18.3 Endocrine Control of Growth
HUPH.SHER.16.18.3.3 – Describe the two insulin-like growth factors
28. What is the most dramatic effect of growth hormone on the skeleton?
a.
expansion of the pelvis
Chapter 18 – Principles of Endocrinology – The Central Endocrine Glands
b.
growth of long bones
c.
hardening of the thorax and ribs
d.
growth of the skull
e.
alignment of spinal canal
18.3 Endocrine Control of Growth
HUPH.SHER.16.18.3.4 – Discuss the two mechanisms of bone growth stimulated by GH
29. What are the bone cells called that produce the organic matrix?
a.
exocytes
b.
chondrocytes
c.
osteoblasts
d.
endocytes
e.
osteoclasts
c
18.3 Endocrine Control of Growth
HUPH.SHER.16.18.3.4 – Discuss the two mechanisms of bone growth stimulated by GH
30. What are the bone cells that dissolve the bony tissue?
a.
exocytes
b.
chondrocytes
c.
osteoblasts
d.
endocytes
e.
osteoclasts
e
18.3 Endocrine Control of Growth
HUPH.SHER.16.18.3.4 – Discuss the two mechanisms of bone growth stimulated by GH
31. What are entrapped osteoblasts called that no longer perform their duty?
a.
exocytes
b.
chondrocytes
c.
endocytes
d.
osteocytes
e.
osteoclasts
18.3 Endocrine Control of Growth
HUPH.SHER.16.18.3.4 – Discuss the two mechanisms of bone growth stimulated by GH
32. How many hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones control growth hormone secretion?
a.
one
Chapter 18 – Principles of Endocrinology – The Central Endocrine Glands
b.
two
c.
three
d.
four
e.
five
18.3 Endocrine Control of Growth
secretion
33. When are growth hormone levels highest in the body?
a.
during deep sleep
b.
between 7-9 am
c.
between 12-3 pm
d.
between 8-10 pm
e.
at sunset
a
18.3 Endocrine Control of Growth
34. Growth hormone hypersecretion after adolescence produces what condition?
a.
mental retardation
b.
dwarfism
c.
acromegaly
d.
gigantism
e.
hyperthyroidism
c
18.3 Endocrine Control of Growth
HUPH.SHER.16.18.3.6 – Describe the effects of abnormal GH secretion on growth patterns
35. What is the shape of the pineal gland?
a.
apple
b.
pinecone
c.
diamond
d.
cross
e.
kidney bean
18.4 Pineal Gland and Circadian Rhythms
rhythms
36. What does the pineal gland secrete?
a.
methionine
b.
mineralocorticoids
c.
melanin
d.
melatonin
e.
melanopsin
18.4 Pineal Gland and Circadian Rhythms
37. Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) located?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
e
18.4 Pineal Gland and Circadian Rhythms
HUPH.SHER.16.18.4.1 – Describe the functioning of the suprachiasmatic nucleus
38. What is the natural cycle of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, without any external cues?
a.
22 hours
b.
23 hours
c.
24 hours
d.
25 hours
e.
26 hours
18.4 Pineal Gland and Circadian Rhythms
HUPH.SHER.16.18.4.1 – Describe the functioning of the suprachiasmatic nucleus
39. What do the retinal ganglion cells contain that send cues the pineal gland?
a.
methionine
b.
mineralocorticoids
c.
melanin
d.
melatonin
e.
melanopsin
e
18.4 Pineal Gland and Circadian Rhythms
40. Melatonin inhibits the hormones that stimulate:
a.
reproductive activity
b.
bone growth
c.
immune response
d.
cellular aging
e.
sleep
a
18.4 Pineal Gland and Circadian Rhythms
41. Indoleamines are produced by the pineal gland and are derived from the amino acid tryptophan.
a.
True
b.
False
True
18.1 General Principles of Endocrinology
HUPH.SHER.16.18.1.1 – List the six major functions performed by the endocrine system
42. Frequently, a single hormone has more than one type of target cell and therefore can induce more than one type of
effect.
a.
True
b.
False
True
18.1 General Principles of Endocrinology
43. All hormones are eventually inactivated by enzymes in the pancreas, kidneys, lymph, or target cells.
a.
True
b.
False
False
18.1 General Principles of Endocrinology
44. Some endocrine control systems include both feedback control (which maintains a constant basal level of the
hormone) and neuroendocrine reflexes (which cause sudden bursts in secretion in response to a sudden increased need for
the hormone).
a.
True
b.
False
True
45. Unlike the rhythmicity of breathing, endocrine rhythms are locked on, or entrained, to external cues such as the light–
dark cycle.
a.
True
b.
False
True
18.1 General Principles of Endocrinology
46. Primary hyposecretion takes place when an endocrine gland is normal but is secreting too little hormone because of a
deficiency of its tropic hormone.
a.
True
b.
False
False
18.1 General Principles of Endocrinology
HUPH.SHER.16.18.1.5 – Discuss the three causes of endocrine disorders
47. Synergism occurs when the actions of several hormones are complementary and their combined effect is greater than
the sum of their separate effects.
a.
True
b.
False
True
18.1 General Principles of Endocrinology
48. Permissiveness occurs when one hormone causes the loss of another hormone’s receptors, reducing the effectiveness
of the second hormone.
a.
True
b.
False
False
18.1 General Principles of Endocrinology
49. The major control for hypothalamic-induced release of vasopressin from the anterior pituitary is input from
hypothalamic receptor cells.
18.1 General Principles of Endocrinology
hormones