Chapter 17 – Genes and The Immune System
True / False
1. The best animal models for xenotransplantation of organs into humans are the nonhuman primates, such as
chimpanzees and baboons.
a.
True
b.
False
False
17–1: Components of the Immune System Are Genetically Controlled
2. Most of the organisms that normally inhabit our skin help defend us against infection.
a.
True
b.
False
True
17–2: The Body Has Three Levels of Defense Against Infection
3. Redness, swelling, heat, and pain of an infection are a result of the adaptive immune response.
a.
True
b.
False
17–3: The Inflammatory Response Is a General Reaction
4. The membrane-attack complex is a group of proteins that supplements the inflammatory response.
a.
True
b.
False
False
17–4: The Complement System Kills Microorganisms
how complement proteins destroy invading cells.
5. The huge diversity of antibody molecules is generated by the shuffling of gene segments in T cells.
a.
True
b.
False
False
17–5: The Adaptive Immune Response Is a Specific Defense Against Infection
6. Activated B cells divide to form plasma cells and memory B cells, both of which are short-lived and secrete copious
amounts of antibody molecules into the bloodstream.
a.
True
b.
False
False
17–5: The Adaptive Immune Response Is a Specific Defense Against Infection
7. B cells are genetically programmed to produce unique antibodies; similarly, T cells are genetically programmed to
produce unique T-cell receptors.
a.
True
b.
False
True
17–5: The Adaptive Immune Response Is a Specific Defense Against Infection
8. A person with blood group A has both A and B type antibodies.
a.
True
b.
False
False
17–6: Blood Types Are Determined by Cell-Surface Antigens
9. Because there are so many HLA allele combinations, it is rare to find unrelated individuals with the same HLA
halplotypes.
a.
True
b.
False
True
17–7: Organ Transplants Must Be Immunologically Matched
10. Juvenile diabetes (or insulin-dependent diabetes) results when insulin-producing cells in the pancreas are destroyed by
the patient’s own immune system.
a.
True
b.
False
Chapter 17 – Genes and The Immune System
Multiple Choice
11. The technology of transplanting nonhuman organs into humans is known as _____.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
d
Bloom’s: Understand
17–1: Components of the Immune System Are Genetically Controlled
and disadvantages of this technology for human transplant recipients.
12. The major obstacle to the use of xenotransplants is _____.
a.
the lack of human donors
b.
finding nonhumans with similar-sized organs
c.
resistance from opponents of genetically modified animals
d.
organ rejection by recipients
e.
the possibility of viral transfer from nonhuman primates to human patients
d
Bloom’s: Understand
17–1: Components of the Immune System Are Genetically Controlled
and disadvantages of this technology for human transplant recipients.
13. The major obstacle to the use of xenotransplants can possibly be overcome by ____.
a.
giving a series of injections that depress the immune systems of recipients
b.
changing genetic markers in humans to make them more receptive to nonhuman tissue
c.
cloning donor animals using human DNA
d.
introducing a complement genes to both the donor animal and recipient human
e.
altering the patient’s MHC complex
b
Bloom’s: Understand
17–1: Components of the Immune System Are Genetically Controlled
and disadvantages of this technology for human transplant recipients.
14. The physical barrier of the skin and the mucus produced by the epithelial cells lining body cavities ____.
True
Bloom’s: Remember
17-8 Disorders of the Immune System
cells.
Chapter 17 – Genes and The Immune System
a.
activate the complement system
b.
release histamines
c.
facilitate the production of antibodies
d.
comprise the innate immune system
e.
protect the body from infection by pathogens
Bloom’s: Remember
17–2: The Body Has Three Levels of Defense Against Infection
defense against pathogens.
15. The most effective level of defense against pathogens is the ____ immune system, because it ____.
a.
innate; recognizes specific pathogens
b.
adaptive; recognizes specific pathogens
c.
nonspecific; targets all pathogens
d.
inflammatory response; is mediated by T cells
e.
skin; provides a physical barrier against pathogens
b
Bloom’s: Understand
17–2: The Body Has Three Levels of Defense Against Infection
adaptive immune systems.
16. In an inflammatory response, the direct effect of histamine is to ____.
a.
dilate blood vessels causing increased blood flow to the area of infection
b.
decrease heat accumulation in the area of infection
c.
directly kill bacteria
d.
attack cytotoxic T cells
e.
cause B cells to release antibodies
Bloom’s: Understand
17–3: The Inflammatory Response Is a General Reaction
against the spread of infection.
17. What is the underlying molecular cause of Crohn’s disease?
a.
B cells are mutated and do not release antibodies.
b.
Receptor proteins are mutated and cause an abnormal immune response.
c.
Helper T cells are inactivated.
d.
Mucus is not released from epithelial tissues.
e.
Antigen-presenting cells are absent.
b
Bloom’s: Understand
17–3: The Inflammatory Response Is a General Reaction
HUHE.CUMM.16.17-3-2 – Describe how inflammatory bowel disease can result from
18. As part of the inflammatory response, _____ engulf and destroy invading bacteria.
a.
histamines
b.
dead skin cells
c.
mast cells
d.
macrophages
e.
antibodies
d
Bloom’s: Understand
17–3: The Inflammatory Response Is a General Reaction
against the spread of infection.
19. What is most closely associated with membrane-attack complexes (MACs)?
a.
complement proteins
b.
helper T cells
c.
B cells
d.
histamines
e.
cytokines
a
Bloom’s: Remember
17–4: The Complement System Kills Microorganisms
how complement proteins destroy invading cells.
20. The complement system functions to ____ and ____.
a.
mobilize B cells; initiate antibody production
b.
help the innate immune system; turn on expression of T-cell receptor protein genes
c.
destroy invading cells; provide a physical barrier against pathogens
d.
destroy invading cells; guide phagocytes to the infection site
e.
destroy viruses; guide phagocytes to the site of inflammation
d
Bloom’s: Remember
17–4: The Complement System Kills Microorganisms
how complement proteins destroy invading cells.
21. The quick response of the immune system to a second infection is due to the _____, a feature of the immune system as
demonstrated by the success of vaccines.
a.
activation of macrophage cells
b.
suppression of suppressor cells
c.
T and B memory cells
d.
high levels of antigen
e.
new cytotoxic T cell.
immune system deficiencies.
Chapter 17 – Genes and The Immune System
Bloom’s: Understand
17–5: The Adaptive Immune Response Is a Specific Defense Against Infection
HUHE.CUMM.16.17-5-7 – Describe the memory function of the immune system; explain the
relationship between this memory function and the success of vaccines.
22. B and T cells become activated and divide to produce identical cells when _____.
a.
activated by an antigen
b.
major histocompatibility genes are expressed
c.
activated by the presence of cancerous cells
d.
plasma cells begin to produce and secrete antibodies
e.
killer T cells bind to any pathogen
Bloom’s: Understand
17–5: The Adaptive Immune Response Is a Specific Defense Against Infection
HUHE.CUMM.16.17-5-2 – Explain how B cells and T cells are formed, and describe their
functions in the adaptive immune system.
23. What occurs during the antigen detection stage of the antibody-mediated immune response initiated by T cell
activation?
a.
Cytotoxic T cells destroy body cells that are infected with a pathogen.
b.
Helper T cells activate an antigen-specific B cell to divide and secrete antibodies.
c.
A T cell displaying an antigen-specific T cell receptor (TCR) binds to the antigen on the surface of an antigen
presenting cell.
d.
Helper T cells are activated by the TCR.
e.
A B cell degrades the pathogen and produces antigens.
Bloom’s: Understand
17–5: The Adaptive Immune Response Is a Specific Defense Against Infection
mediated immune response, including the roles played by all associated immune cells.
24. The _____ of an antibody molecule functions to recognize and bind to a specific antigen.
a.
antigen-antibody complex
b.
antigen-binding site
c.
light chain
d.
heavy chain
e.
immunoglobulin motif
b
Bloom’s: Remember
17–5: The Adaptive Immune Response Is a Specific Defense Against Infection
encode billions of different antibodies.
25. Incompatibility in the Rh blood system can result in hemolytic disease of the newborn. Which combination poses the
Chapter 17 – Genes and The Immune System
greatest risk?
a.
Rh positive mother, Rh negative fetus
b.
Rh positive father, Rh negative fetus
c.
Rh negative mother, Rh positive fetus
d.
Rh negative mother, Rh negative fetus
e.
Rh positive mother, Rh negative father
c
Bloom’s: Understand
17–6: Blood Types Are Determined by Cell-Surface Antigens
hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).
26. Why are skin grafts between identical twins more successful than grafts between more unrelated individuals?
a.
Identical twins share the same uterine environment.
b.
Identical twins are exactly matched in age.
c.
Identical twins have identical HLA alleles.
d.
Identical twins are always the same sex.
e.
Identical twins have the same blood type.
c
Bloom’s: Apply
17–7: Organ Transplants Must Be Immunologically Matched
successful tissue transplants.
27. How many HLA haplotypes does each human have?
a.
one
b.
two
c.
three
d.
four
e.
five
b
Bloom’s: Understand
17–7: Organ Transplants Must Be Immunologically Matched
successful tissue transplants.
28. Allergic reactions are triggered by the production of ____ antibodies instead of ____ antibodies at the first exposure to
the allergen.
a.
IgA; IgD
b.
IgA; IgE
c.
IgE; IgM
d.
IgE; IgG
e.
IgG; IgE
Chapter 17 – Genes and The Immune System
d
Bloom’s: Remember
17-8 Disorders of the Immune System
allergic reactions are triggered.
29. When the immune systems no longer distinguishes between self and nonself, _____ can result.
a.
autoimmunity
b.
anaphylaxis
c.
viral infections
d.
minor allergic reactions
e.
enhanced immune response
a
Bloom’s: Understand
17-8 Disorders of the Immune System
cells.
30. Which immune system(s) are absent in individuals with severe combined immunodeficiency?
a.
innate
b.
cell-mediated
c.
antibody-mediated
d.
antibody-mediated and cell-mediated
e.
inflammatory response
d
Bloom’s: Remember
17-8 Disorders of the Immune System
impaired.
31. The use of organs harvested from animals for human transplants is called ____________________.
xenotransplantation
Bloom’s: Remember
17–1: Components of the Immune System Are Genetically Controlled
and disadvantages of this technology for human transplant recipients.
32. Disease-causing infectious agents are known as ____________________.
pathogens
Bloom’s: Remember
17–2: The Body Has Three Levels of Defense Against Infection
defense against pathogens.
33. The chemicals that attract neutrophils to a site of infection are called ____________________.
34. ____________________, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease, develop when bacteria are able to breach the
barrier between the digestive system and the body.
35. Pathogens are engulfed by ____________________ during the first stage of an inflammatory response and by
____________________ during the last stage of the response.
36. The chemical defense system that complements the immune system and supplements the inflammatory response is
known as the ____________________ system.
37. Complement proteins can form a system of proteins that create a pore in the membranes of bacteria. This system is
called the ____________________.
38. Of the four types of T cells, only the ____________________ T cells destroy infected body cells.
39. ____________________ T cells secrete interleukins that activate other cells in both the cell-mediated and antibody–
mediated immune responses.
40. Once formed, B cells mature in the _____, while T cells mature in the _____.
41. A protein that interacts with an antibody is called a(n) ____________________.
42. The process by which an antigen binds to a specific antibody on a naïve B cell, thereby triggering mitosis and the
build-up of a large population of antibody-secreting plasma cells (also known as effector B cells), is called
____________________.
43. Receptors on the surface of ____________________ T cells recognize the antigens displayed on the surface of an
infected cell.
44. Antigens displayed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells and viral-infected cells are bound to specific classes of
____________________ molecules.
Chapter 17 – Genes and The Immune System
45. To protect future Rh+ fetuses, pregnant Rh– mothers are given RhoGam in order to destroy ____________________
fetal cells that enter the mother’s blood.
Bloom’s: Understand
hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).
46. When species-specific MHC proteins on xenotransplants trigger a complement-mediated rejection in the recipient,
a(n) ____________________ results.
hyperacute rejection
Bloom’s: Understand
rejection of such transplants.
47. The transplant of pig bone marrow into a human recipient may overcome the ____________________ triggered by
transplanted pig organs.
T cell-mediated rejection
Bloom’s: Understand
rejection of such transplants.
48. ____________________ result from immunological hypersensitivity to what should be harmless substances.
Allergic reactions
Bloom’s: Understand
allergic reactions are triggered.
49. The life threatening body-wide response that can occur when allergens enter the circulatory system and cause a severe
drop in blood pressure is called ____________________.
anaphylactic shock
Bloom’s: Understand
allergic reactions are triggered.
50. John and all his brothers have no antibodies caused by non-functional B cells. Therefore, they are highly susceptible to
bacterial infections. John and his brothers most likely have a condition called ____________________.
HUHE.CUMM.16.17-5-1 – Outline the general features of the adaptive immune response.
Chapter 17 – Genes and The Immune System
51. Outline the three levels of defense of humans against the invasion of pathogens.
52. Summarize the steps involved with the inflammatory response.
53. Suppose that an infectious agent, such as a virus or bacterium, had surface antigens identical to those displayed on the
surface of human cells. Would the immune system be able to detect and destroy these agents? Why or why not?
54. How can so many antibody molecules be made in a relatively short period of time?
55. How is the human genome able to encode billions of unique antibody molecules from only three gene sets?
56. Explain why individuals with type O blood can donate to any other blood type, and why individuals with type AB
blood can accept blood of any blood type.
57. Suppose an Rh– mother gives birth to an Rh– baby. Is there a danger of hemolytic disease of the newborn developing
during a subsequent pregnancy? Why or why not?
58. Do you agree with the strategy of xenotransplantation to alleviate the shortage of donated human organs? Why or
why not?
59. Explain how a mutant CC-CKR5 allele offers protection from HIV infection.
60. Discuss how a genetic variant may explain why HIV infection rates are highest in sub-Saharan Africa.