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Chapter 17 - Environmental Economics - Politics - and Worldviews
55. The avoidance of making decisions that cannot be reversed later if they turn out to be harmful is called the ____.
a.
precautionary principle
b.
net energy principle
c.
reversibility principle
d.
prevention principle
e.
polluter-pays principle
56. Which federal agency manages U.S. public lands and is responsible for land that is used primarily for grazing, mining,
and oil and gas extraction in the western states?
a.
U.S. Forest Service
b.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
c.
National Wildlife Refuge System
d.
National Park System
e.
Bureau of Land Management
57. The ____ states that no group of people should bear an unfair share of the burden created by pollution, environmental
degradation, or the execution of environmental laws.
a.
environmental justice principle
b.
polluter-pays principle
c.
prevention principle
d.
precautionary principle
e.
reversibility principle
58. According to the planetary management environmental worldview, ____.
a.
we have an ethical responsibility to be good stewards of the earth
b.
our resources are limited and should not be wasted
c.
we should manage nature to meet our needs
Chapter 17 - Environmental Economics - Politics - and Worldviews
d.
our primary focus should be on preserving the environment
e.
our success depends on learning how nature sustains itself
59. According to the ____, when we use the earth’s natural capital, we are borrowing from the earth and from future
generations.
a.
planetary management worldview
b.
economic worldview
c.
environmental worldview
d.
stewardship worldview
e.
environmental ethics worldview
60. Some people contend that any ____ worldview will eventually fail because it wrongly assumes we now have or can
gain enough knowledge to become effective managers or stewards of the earth.
a.
planetary-centered
b.
human-centered
c.
economic-centered
d.
life-centered
e.
earth-centered
61. Which worldview sees humans as the planet's most important species?
a.
environmental wisdom
b.
stewardship
c.
economic succession
d.
planetary management
e.
planetary intrinsic value
62. The ____ worldview holds that the earth has existed for billions of years and does not need saving.
a.
earth-centered
b.
biocentric
Chapter 17 - Environmental Economics - Politics - and Worldviews
c.
stewardship
d.
planetary management
e.
biosphere
63. Which idea is an important component of environmental literacy?
a.
Natural capital is expendable.
b.
Ecological footprints of the more-developed world are balanced by those of the less-developed world.
c.
Ecological tipping points are irreversible and should not be crossed.
d.
Ecological tipping points can be balanced by reforestation and restoration efforts.
e.
Gloom-and-doom pessimism in the critical evaluation of experts and leaders.
64. A fundamental idea behind ____ is understanding that natural capital supports our economies.
a.
environmental economics
b.
environmentalism
c.
sustainability
d.
planetary management
e.
environmental literacy
65. An environmentally literate person will understand that our ____ are immense and are expanding rapidly.
a.
natural resources
b.
hazardous waste materials
c.
ecological footprints
d.
food supplies
e.
sustainable resources
66. Some people believe that living without direct contact of the natural world can lead to ____.
a.
malnutrition
Chapter 17 - Environmental Economics - Politics - and Worldviews
b.
a negative worldview
c.
psychological disorders
d.
poverty
e.
economic disadvantages
67. An ethical guideline to sustainable living is to ____ the way that nature sustains itself.
a.
understand
b.
know
c.
feel
d.
support
e.
mimic
68. Celebrating and protecting ____ through a variety of approaches is an ethical guideline for developing more
sustainable and compassionate societies.
a.
resources
b.
environmental worldviews
c.
full-cost pricing
d.
earth
e.
biodiversity
69. One of Brown’s Plan B goals toward shifting to a more environmentally and economically sustainable future is to
stabilize ____ growth.
a.
poverty
b.
economic
c.
hazardous waster
d.
population
e.
pollution
Chapter 17 - Environmental Economics - Politics - and Worldviews
Completion
70. The ____________________ worldview assumes that humans are dominant over all other species and should
therefore make environmental decisions based on that dominance.
71. The goods and services produced by the Earth's natural processes that support all life are called
____________________.
72. The practice of including the estimated harmful environmental and health costs of resource use in the market price of
goods and services is called ____________________.
73. In a truly ____________________ economic system, the market prices of goods and services would include all of
their direct and indirect costs associated with environmental degradation.
74. Machines, materials, and factories are examples of ____________________ made from natural resources.
75. Taxes that discourage pollution are called ____________________.
76. The measure of the annual market value of all goods and services produced by all firms and organizations, foreign and
domestic, operating within a country is known as the ____________________.
77. As with market pricing, the GDP of a country often does not include the ____________________ of goods and
services.
78. The United States has successfully used the ____________________ approach to reduce the emissions of sulfur
dioxide and several other air pollutants.
79. Since 1992, the Xerox company has been ____________________ most of its copying machines as part of its mission
to provide document services rather than to sell new photocopiers that would consume more resources than necessary.
80. A representative ____________________ is a form of government run by the people through elected officials and
representatives.
81. Muhammad Yunus and his Grameen Bank received the Nobel Peace Prize for pioneering the use of
____________________ to assist millions of people in lifting themselves out of poverty.
82. A guiding principle for environmental sustainability that advises us not to make decisions that are irreversible if the
decision proves to be wrong is the _________________________ principle.
83. ____________________ groups seek to weaken or repeal laws, subsidies, tax breaks, and regulations that are
unfavorable to their positions.
84. Mahatma Gandhi’s ____________________ states: “The earth provides enough to satisfy every person’s need but not
every person’s greed. . . . When we take more than we need, we are simply taking from each other, borrowing from the
future, or destroying the environment and other species.”
85. Ecological and climate change ____________________ are irreversible and should never be crossed.
86. Natural ____________________ matters because it supports all life and all economies.
87. The term ____________________ describes a wide range of problems, including anxiety, depression, and attention
deficit disorders that might be resulting from a lack of contact with nature.
88. Some affluent people in more-developed countries are adopting a lifestyle of ____________________, which involves
learning to live with fewer possessions.
89. The ____________________ worldview holds that all forms of life have value as participating members of the
biosphere, regardless of their potential or actual use to humans.
90. The ____________________ principle recognizes that the environmental and other problems we face are connected.
91. The ____________________ principle requires that we develop regulations and use economic tools such as green
taxes to ensure that polluters bear the costs of dealing with the pollutants and wastes.
92. List the four characteristics of truly free market economic systems.
93. What can be done to assess whether your campus is green?
94. Briefly explain how the concept of microlending can help people get out of poverty.
95. List at least three possible hidden costs associated with burning gasoline in an automobile.
96. Specify and define two of the six guiding principles that should be considered in evaluating environmental
Chapter 17 - Environmental Economics - Politics - and Worldviews
policies.
97. Discuss four ways with examples on how each of us can provide environmental leadership.
98. What are the four principles that conservation biologists, environmental ecologists, and some free-market economists
believe should govern use of public lands?
99. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the cap-and-trade approach?
100. What lifestyle choice does Gandhi’s principle of enoughness address and how does it help the environment?
101. Compare and contrast command-and-control and incentive-based, or innovation-friendly, government regulations.
Explain the advantages of the incentive-based approach.
