Chapter 17—A Different World: The Past, Present, and Future of Human Genetics
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. In the U.S., the ____ movement began by applying Darwin and Wallace’s theory of natural selection
to humans.
a.
selective breeding
b.
national security
c.
natural selection
d.
evolutionary
e.
eugenics
2. In the early part of the 20th century, the U.S. Eugenics Office ran contests to pick families with the
“best genetics”. What was the basis for this program?
a.
forced sterilization
b.
negative eugenics
c.
national security
d.
positive eugenics
e.
Nazi doctrine
3. In Buck v. Bell, what did the U.S. Supreme court decide?
a.
Genetics could not be used to justify the selective sterilization of women.
b.
The court held that eugenics should be outlawed.
c.
The court held that genetics does not determine behavior.
d.
The court upheld the Virginia state law allowing the sterilization of promiscuous women.
e.
The court overturned the state law of Virginia allowing the sterilization of women.
4. If a woman tests positive for the mutant alleles of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes, all of the following
might be reasonable options EXCEPT
a.
increased frequency of screening.
b.
subcutaneous mastectomy.
c.
taking the drug tamoxifen before tumors appear.
d.
continued monitoring with mammograms.
e.
continued testing for the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes.
5. The procedure that removes all of a woman’s breast tissue is called
a.
BRACAnalysis®.
b.
cutaneous mastectomy.
c.
nuclear transfer.
d.
subcutaneous mastectomy.
e.
mammography.
6. In dogs, “bully” whippets have double the normal amount of muscle mass. The gene for the mutant
myostatin allele responsible exhibits ____ inheritance.
a.
autosomal recessive
b.
autosomal dominant
c.
multifactorial
d.
random
e.
X-linked recessive
7. How many copies of the mutant myostatin gene is/are necessary for the whippets to develop into a
“bully” whippet?
a.
1
b.
2
c.
3
d.
4
e.
0
8. Two whippets who are both heterozygous for the mutant myostatin gene are bred. What is the
likelihood that their puppies will inherit both recessive copies and develop the over-muscled
phenotype?
a.
33%
b.
50%
c.
25%
d.
0%
e.
100%
9. Two fast whippets are bred. What is the likelihood that their puppies will also be fast?
a.
33%
b.
50%
c.
25%
d.
0%
e.
100%
10. Two fast whippets are bred. What is the likelihood that their puppies will “bully”?
a.
33%
b.
50%
c.
25%
d.
0%
e.
100%
11. The term “double muscling” refers to
a.
mutations in the myostatin gene that lead to increased muscle mass in cattle.
b.
mutations in the CACNA1D gene involved in heart function that lead to increased muscle
mass in mice.
c.
mutations in the gene for growth hormone that lead to increased muscle mass in dogs.
d.
mutations in a gene that lead to decreased muscle mass in cattle.
e.
all of these.
12. In 2007, the Nobel Prize in medicine was awarded to three scientists for their development of
a.
the knockout mouse.
b.
nuclear transfer.
c.
reproductive cloning.
d.
the artificial uterus.
e.
non-invasive prenatal testing for Down syndrome.
13. All of the following accurately describe knockout mice EXCEPT
a.
knockout mice have been used to study the genetics of human deafness.
b.
knockout mice serve as models of various human disorders.
c.
knockout mice have been valuable tools in learning about the functions of genes.
d.
their development required the ability to isolate mouse embryonic stem cells.
e.
all of the mouse genes have been knocked out in various mouse strains.
14. Non-invasive prenatal testing for Down syndrome has recently been accomplished using
a.
fetal cell analysis in the mother’s blood.
b.
amniocentesis.
c.
saliva samples from the mother.
d.
chorionic villus sampling.
e.
free fetal DNA analysis.
15. The steps in ____ involve removing the nucleus from an unfertilized egg and injecting the nucleus
from a different donor cell.
a.
nuclear transfer
b.
prenatal genetic testing
c.
prenatal testing
d.
adult genetic testing
e.
developing an artificial uterus
16. All of the following have been cloned EXCEPT
a.
monkeys.
b.
cows.
c.
cats.
d.
dogs.
e.
humans.
17. To clone an organism using reproductive cloning, a body cell from the individual being cloned is first
a.
removed from the “parent” organism, and its diploid nucleus is transferred to an egg cell
that has had its nucleus removed.
b.
stimulated to undergo cell division.
c.
transferred to the uterus of a surrogate mother.
d.
transferred into the “parent” organism.
e.
removed from the “parent” organism, stimulated to undergo cell division, and then
returned to the original organism
18. What is thought to be the primary problem with an older woman’s eggs?
a.
the chromosomes
b.
the proteins
c.
the cytoplasm
d.
the uterus
e.
specific genes
19. Positive eugenics refers to
a.
the U.S. Eugenics Office warning the public about using drugs.
b.
selective breeding of livestock animals.
c.
a social movement that identified desirable human traits.
d.
an academic discipline in many colleges and universities.
e.
genetic engineering of humans using recombinant DNA technology.
20. A mutation in the ____ gene results in increased muscle mass of whippet dogs.
a.
BRCA1
b.
CACNA1D
c.
Down syndrome
d.
BRCA2
e.
myostatin
TRUE/FALSE
1. Genetics was used as an argument to justify the killing of Jews by the Nazis.
2. Knocking out the activity of a gene in mice provides information about whether that gene is also
present in humans.
3. Knockout mice have been useful in modeling different kinds of cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular
disease.
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4. In a knockout mouse, specific genes are inactivated to determine the gene’s function.
5. The first dog was cloned by a Korean researcher.
6. A genetic test for breast cancer genes can be purchased in drug stores.
7. The U.S. Supreme Court eventually decided that Carrie Buck should not be sterilized because she was
not “feeble–minded”
8. Two whippets who are each homozygous for the normal myostatin gene can produce overmuscled
“bully” offspring.
9. Dogs were cloned before cats.
10. Presently, the analysis of fetal cells extracted from the mother’s blood to test for Down syndrome is
very accurate, with almost 0% false positive results.
11. It has been determined that the main problem with older eggs is that sperm have a hard time
penetrating the egg coat.
12. Animals have been cloned using a technique called nuclear transfer.
MATCHING
Match the associated terms. Choices may be used more than once.
a.
Animal model for deafness
b.
Breast cancer genes
c.
Fitter family contests
d.
Anti-cancer drug
e.
Cloned dog
f.
Mutant myostatin gene
g.
Forced sterilization
h.
Removal of breast tissue
i.
Nuclear transfer
1. BRCAnalysis®
2. Negative eugenics
3. Positive eugenics
4. Tamoxifen
5. Snuppy
6. Fast whippet
7. Knockout mouse
8. Mastectomy
9. Dolly
10. Double muscling
ESSAY
1. Discuss the eugenics movement in the United States. What was the basis for this movement? How did
this movement influence Nazi Germany?
2. One concern related to the array of information on human genetic conditions and the development of
genetic manipulation technologies is that this could result in genetic enhancement of our species. Is it
wrong to want your child to be even better prepared to deal with the challenges of society? Who
should determine what type of enhancement should be allowed?
SHORT ANSWER
1. Compare and contrast positive and negative eugenics.
2. List possible options for a woman who has a family history of breast cancer and tests positive for a
mutant allele of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene.
3. What concerns are there about the use of mail-order genetic tests?