Chapter 17 – Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation
1. What law of thermodynamics states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed?
a.
first
b.
second
c.
third
d.
fourth
e.
fifth
a
17.1 Energy Balance
HUPH.SHER.16.17.1 – Explain how the body maintains an energy balance
2. Cells capture a portion of nutrient energy in the high-energy phosphate bonds of:
a.
ADP
b.
ATP
c.
phosphatase
d.
glucose
e.
amino acids
3. The energy in nutrient molecules not used to energize work is transformed into what?
a.
chemical energy
b.
glucose
c.
thermal energy (heat)
d.
water
e.
ADP
4. What is the overall percent of nutrient derived energy that is lost as heat?
a.
35%
b.
50%
c.
60%
d.
75%
e.
90%
5. The rate at which energy is expended by the body during both external and internal work is known as the:
a.
heart rate
b.
respiratory rate
c.
digestive rate
d.
thermodynamic rate
e.
metabolic rate
6. What is the basic unit of heat energy?
a.
joules
b.
calorie
c.
Tesla
d.
Celsius
e.
gram
7. What is the difference between a calorie and a Calorie?
a.
1 calorie = 1 Calorie
b.
1 Calorie = 100 calories
c.
1 calorie = 100 Calories
d.
1 Calorie = 1,000 calories
e.
1 calorie= 1,000 Calories
8. How many kilocalories of heat energy are released when 1 gram of glucose is oxidized or “burned”?
a.
2
b.
3
c.
4
d.
5
e.
6
the body
9. Which list correctly orders energy expenditure from greatest to least amount of kcal/hr?
a.
walking up stairs → rowing (20 strokes/minute) → jogging → swimming → bicycling (5.5 miles/hour)
b.
swimming → walking up stairs → rowing (20 strokes/minute) → jogging → bicycling (5.5 miles/hour)
c.
jogging → walking up stairs → bicycling (5.5 miles/hour) → rowing (20 strokes/minute) → swimming
d.
swimming → rowing (20 strokes/minute) → jogging → walking up stairs → bicycling (5.5 miles/hour)
e.
walking up stairs → bicycling (5.5 miles/hour) → swimming → rowing (20 strokes/minute) → jogging
10. The energy equivalent of O2 is:
a.
4.8 kcal of energy liberated per liter of O2 consumed
b.
4.8 kcal of energy liberated per liter of CO2 expired
c.
5.8 kcal of energy liberated per liter of O2 consumed
d.
5.8 kcal of energy liberated per liter of CO2 expired
e.
6.8 kcal of energy liberated per liter of CO2 expired
11. What hormone is the primary (but not sole) determinant of the rate of basal metabolism?
a.
insulin
b.
adrenal hormone
c.
pituitary hormone
d.
parathyroid hormone
e.
thyroid hormone
12. What is a positive energy balance primarily stored as within the body?
a.
glycogen
b.
glucose
17.1 Energy Balance
rate
Chapter 17 – Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation
c.
adipose tissue
d.
muscle tissue
e.
ATP
c
17.1 Energy Balance
HUPH.SHER.16.17.1.3 – Specify the three possible states of energy balance
13. How many subsets of neurons does the arcuate nucleus have?
a.
five
b.
four
c.
three
d.
two
e.
one
17.1 Energy Balance
HUPH.SHER.16.17.1.4 – Describe how food intake is controlled by the hypothalamus
14. The newly identified link between obesity-induced inflammation and its metabolic consequences is termed:
a.
metasity
b.
metaflammation
c.
metabolic edema
d.
metabolic syndrome
e.
obesity induced inflammation
17.1 Energy Balance
HUPH.SHER.16.17.1.4 – Describe how food intake is controlled by the hypothalamus
15. Where is the major site for leptin action?
a.
pancreas
b.
arcuate nucleus
c.
liver
d.
thalamus
e.
thyroid gland
17.1 Energy Balance
HUPH.SHER.16.17.1.4 – Describe how food intake is controlled by the hypothalamus
16. What is the so-called “hunger hormone”?
a.
ghrelin
b.
insulin
Chapter 17 – Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation
c.
leptin
d.
peptide YY3-36
e.
corticotropin-releasing hormone
a
17.1 Energy Balance
HUPH.SHER.16.17.1.4 – Describe how food intake is controlled by the hypothalamus
17. What is the arbitrary boundary for being considered obese?
a.
having a BMI of between 22 and 24.9
b.
having a BMI of between 25 and 29.9
c.
having a BMI of 25 or greater
d.
having a BMI of 30 or greater
e.
having a BMI of 38 or greater
18. What percentage of American adults are obese?
a.
55%
b.
50%
c.
44%
d.
39%
e.
34%
19. What virus may lead to obesity by transforming adult tissue-specific stem cells into fat-storing adipocytes?
a.
HIV
b.
HepB
c.
adenovirus-36
d.
corona virus
e.
influenza B
20. What percentage of the U.S. population is affected by anorexia nervosa?
Chapter 17 – Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation
a.
0.1%
b.
0.6%
c.
2.3%
d.
3.6%
e.
5.1%
21. Most people suffer convulsions when the internal body temperature reaches about:
a.
102°F
b.
104°F
c.
106°F
d.
108°F
e.
110°F
c
22. What internal body temperature is considered the upper limit compatible with life?
a.
104°F
b.
106°F
c.
108°F
d.
110°F
e.
112°F
23. At what temperature is the internal core temperature homeostatically maintained?
a.
100°F
b.
98.6°F
c.
98.2°F
d.
97.1°F
e.
96°F
a
24. What is the best determinant of core temperature (because it is nearly identical to the temperature of the blood)?
Chapter 17 – Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation
a.
oral temperature
b.
axillary temperature
c.
temporal temperature
d.
rectal temperature
e.
skin temperature
c
17.2 Temperature Regulation
HUPH.SHER.16.17.2.1 – List five factors that cause the internal core temperature to vary
25. At what time is a person’s core temperature the lowest?
a.
6 pm
b.
3 pm
c.
noon
d.
9 am
e.
6 am
e
17.2 Temperature Regulation
HUPH.SHER.16.17.2.1 – List five factors that cause the internal core temperature to vary
26. The relative constancy of core temperature is made possible by multiple thermoregulatory mechanisms coordinated by
the:
a.
medulla
b.
heart
c.
thyroid
d.
thalamus
e.
hypothalamus
e
17.2 Temperature Regulation
HUPH.SHER.16.17.2.1 – List five factors that cause the internal core temperature to vary
27. What is the most important source of heat for the body?
a.
internal heat production
b.
heat gain from the external environment
c.
respiration
d.
exercise
e.
eating
a
HUPH.SHER.16.17.2.2 – Explain how a stable core temperature is maintained
28. What are the four mechanisms of heat transfer that the body uses?
Chapter 17 – Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation
a.
externalization, conduction, respiration, and evaporation
b.
radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation
c.
radiation, transference, convection, and dissipation
d.
radiation, conduction, respiration, and dissipation
e.
externalization, conduction, respiration, and dissipation
17.2 Temperature Regulation
HUPH.SHER.16.17.2.3 – Describe the four mechanisms of heat transfer
29. What kind of heat loss occurs continually from the linings of the respiratory airways and from the surface of the skin?
a.
radiation
b.
conduction
c.
evaporation
d.
dissipation
e.
convection
c
17.2 Temperature Regulation
HUPH.SHER.16.17.2.3 – Describe the four mechanisms of heat transfer
30. What glands secrete odorless, dilute, and clear sweat?
a.
salivary sweat glands
b.
dermal sweat glands
c.
integumentary sweat glands
d.
apocrine sweat glands
e.
eccrine sweat glands
e
17.2 Temperature Regulation
HUPH.SHER.16.17.2.4 – Explain the significance of sweating
31. What glands secrete a thick milky sweat prone to odor?
a.
salivary sweat glands
b.
dermal sweat glands
c.
integumentary sweat glands
d.
apocrine sweat glands
e.
eccrine sweat glands
17.2 Temperature Regulation
HUPH.SHER.16.17.2.4 – Explain the significance of sweating
32. What is the body’s thermostat?
Chapter 17 – Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation
a.
thalamus
b.
hypothalamus
c.
thyroid
d.
medulla
e.
adrenals
33. What part of the hypothalamus is activated by warmth?
a.
anterior region
b.
posterior region
c.
superior region
d.
inferior region
e.
distal region
34. Adjustments in heat production are made primarily by:
a.
the lungs
b.
brown fat
c.
skeletal muscles
d.
the thalamus
e.
the thyroid
c
17.2 Temperature Regulation
HUPH.SHER.16.17.2.6 – Explain the effect of fever on the hypothalamic thermostat
35. Non-shivering thermogenesis is accomplished by:
a.
the lungs
b.
brown fat
c.
skeletal muscles
d.
the thalamus
e.
the thyroid
17.2 Temperature Regulation
HUPH.SHER.16.17.2.6 – Explain the effect of fever on the hypothalamic thermostat
36. At normal room temperature, how much more blood flows through the skin than is needed for nutritive purposes?
a.
3 times more
b.
5 times more
c.
10–15 times more
d.
20–30 times more
e.
40–50 times more
17.2 Temperature Regulation
HUPH.SHER.16.17.2 – Describe the process of temperature regulation in the body
37. What do macrophages release that increase body temperature (fever)?
a.
hydrogen peroxide
b.
nitric oxide
c.
histamine
d.
interleukins
e.
endogenous pyrogen
e
17.2 Temperature Regulation
HUPH.SHER.16.17.2 – Describe the process of temperature regulation in the body
38. How does aspirin reduce a fever?
a.
by inhibiting synthesis of histamine
b.
by inhibiting synthesis of nitric oxide
c.
by inhibiting synthesis of hydrogen peroxide
d.
by inhibiting synthesis of prostaglandins
e.
by inhibiting synthesis of endogenous pyrogen
17.2 Temperature Regulation
HUPH.SHER.16.17.2 – Describe the process of temperature regulation in the body
39. What is the most common cause of hyperthermia?
a.
infection
b.
thyroid disorder
c.
adrenal medulla disorder
d.
malfunction of the hypothalamic control centers
e.
sustained exercise
e
HUPH.SHER.16.17.2.7 – Explain two causes of hyperthermia
40. Heat stroke is more likely to occur on overexertion during a prolonged exposure to a:
Chapter 17 – Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation
a.
hot, humid environment
b.
hot, dry environment
c.
cold, humid environment
d.
cold, dry environment
e.
wet, rainy environment
a
17.2 Temperature Regulation
HUPH.SHER.16.17.2.7 – Explain two causes of hyperthermia
41. Energy output or expenditure by the body falls into two categories: external work and internal work.
a.
True
b.
False
42. During biochemical processing, only about 50% of the energy in nutrient molecules is transferred to ATP; the other
50% of nutrient energy is immediately lost as heat.
a.
True
b.
False
43. The basic unit of heat energy is the kilocalorie, which is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of
H2O by 1°C.
a.
True
b.
False
44. The rate of energy expenditure during sleep is 10% to 15% lower than the BMR, presumably because of the more
complete muscle relaxation that occurs during the paradoxical stage of sleep.
a.
True
b.
False
45. If the amount of energy in food intake is less than the amount of energy expended, the extra energy taken in but not
used is stored in the body, primarily as glycogen, so body weight decreases.
a.
True
b.
False
False
46. Adipose tissue is now considered an exocrine gland and is the smallest hormone-secreting tissue in the body.
a.
True
b.
False
False
47. Multiple, highly integrated, redundant pathways crisscross into and out of the arcuate nucleus, indicative of the
complex systems involved in feeding and satiety.
a.
True
b.
False
True
48. The arbitrary boundary for being overweight is having a body mass index of between 22 and 26.9.
a.
True
b.
False
49. Studies demonstrate that obese people have less bacteria in their colon that breaks down indigestible fiber more
efficiently for absorption from the digestive tract.
a.
True
b.
False