Chapter 16 – Life Cycle Nutrition: Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. What would be a normal body weight after one year for a healthy infant with a birthweight of 8 lbs?
a.
12 lbs
b.
16 lbs
c.
24 lbs
d.
30 lbs
e.
36 lbs
2. What is the typical weight gain (lbs) of an infant between the first and second year of life?
a.
5
b.
10
c.
15
d.
20
e.
25
3. What organ in the infant uses more than half of the day’s total energy intake?
a.
Liver
b.
Brain
c.
Kidney
d.
Skeletal muscle
e.
Small and large intestines
4. What is the relative weight of an infant brain compared to an adult’s brain?
a.
Half as much
b.
About the same
c.
Three times as much
d.
Six times as much
e.
Ten times as much
5. The recommended amounts of vitamins and minerals for infants are based on the
a.
average amounts present in body tissues of thriving infants.
b.
adult RDA scaled down to infants on a per kg body weight basis.
c.
older child’s RDA scaled down to the infant on a per kg body weight basis.
d.
average amounts ingested by thriving infants breastfed by well-nourished mothers.
e.
average amounts found in breast milk.
6. For optimal breast-feeding benefits, it is recommended that the infant be encouraged to suckle on the
first breast offered
a.
for about 1-2 minutes.
b.
for no more than 5 minutes.
c.
before he shows signs of hunger.
d.
until he stops actively suckling.
e.
until he begins to cry.
7. What is the chief protein in human breast milk?
a.
Casein
b.
Lactose
c.
Albumin
d.
Alpha-lactalbumin
e.
Lactoferrin
8. What is thought to be the primary function of the oligosaccharides in breast milk?
a.
Stimulation of the let-down reflex
b.
Protection from infections in the infant
c.
Stimulation of salivary amylase in the infant
d.
Enhanced bioavailability of DHA and arachidonic acid
e.
Increase the permeability of intestinal mucous
9. What is colostrum?
a.
A clot in the bloodstream
b.
A major protein in breast milk
c.
A hormone that promotes milk production
d.
A milk-like substance secreted right after delivery
e.
Antibodies found in breast milk
10. Which of the following is a feature of infant development and nutrition?
a.
Overfeeding a breast-fed infant is easier than with a formula-fed infant.
b.
Breast-fed infants obtain iron-binding proteins that inhibit bacterial infections.
c.
Breast-fed infants are at high risk of iron deficiency for the first 6 months of life.
d.
For optimal development, infants should be transitioned to formula after one year of
breast-feeding.
e.
Goat’s milk is an appropriate substitute for infants who cannot tolerate cow’s milk.
11. Which of the following is associated with bifidus factors?
a.
Increased iron absorption
b.
Increased bacterial growth
c.
Decreased allergy protection
d.
Decreased hormone production
e.
Impaired immune response
12. What factor in breast milk binds iron and prevents it from supporting the growth of the infant’s
intestinal bacteria?
a.
Colostrum
b.
Lactoferrin
c.
Hemoferritin
d.
Bifidus factor
e.
Lysozyme
13. What is lactadherin?
a.
An iron-binding protein in breast milk
b.
A vitamin D-binding protein in breast milk
c.
A breast milk protein that inactivates a GI virus that causes diarrhea
d.
A protein supplement to infant formulas that simulates the digestibility properties of
alpha-lactalbumin
e.
A protein that promotes epidermal growth
14. Compared with cow’s milk, breast milk contains
a.
less protein and calcium.
b.
less lactose and vitamin C.
c.
more fat and less carbohydrate.
d.
more energy and less vitamin E.
e.
more vitamin D.
15. To gradually replace breast milk with infant formula or other foods appropriate to an infant’s diet is to
a.
feed.
b.
wean.
c.
nurse.
d.
breastfeed.
e.
mature.
16. Which of the following formulas is available for infants with lactose intolerance?
a.
Egg
b.
Soy
c.
Barley
d.
Powdered cow’s milk
e.
Goat’s milk
17. Which of the following is a common source of lead poisoning in infants?
a.
Maternal passage of lead to fetus
b.
Baby bottles made from lead crystal
c.
Contaminated water used to make infant formula
d.
Preparation of infant formula in galvanized containers
e.
Environmental contamination from leaded gasoline
18. What is the most realistic advice for reducing lead exposure from the tap water used to prepare infant
formula?
a.
Because the lead in hot water pipes settles out overnight, draw the water from this source
first.
b.
Whenever possible, boil the water to vaporize the lead and thus decrease the amount
remaining in the water.
c.
Because the first water drawn from the tap each day is highest in lead, let the water run a
few minutes before using it.
d.
To inhibit lead absorption, add a small amount of citrus juice to the water to provide citric
acid to complex with the lead.
e.
Filtering the water through a clean coffee filter will typically remove the majority of lead
contamination.
19. Goat’s milk is inappropriate for infants due to its low content of
a.
iron.
b.
folate.
c.
protein.
d.
calcium.
e.
vitamin D.
20. Which of the following defines nursing bottle tooth decay?
a.
Caries development resulting from frequent use of non-sterile bottles and nipples.
b.
Bacterial attack of teeth due to severe tooth misalignment from sucking on oversized
bottle nipples.
c.
Marked tooth decay of an infant due to prolonged exposure to carbohydrate-rich fluids
from a bottle.
d.
Tooth decay resulting from constant exposure to food due to inability of the infant to
swallow normally.
e.
Tooth decay resulting from the rubbing of the nipple against the teeth and consequent
thinning of enamel.
21. Which of the following feeding practices is recommended for preterm infants?
a.
They should be fed exclusively on breast milk.
b.
They should be fed on breast milk enriched in a 1 to 1 ratio with cow’s milk.
c.
They should be fed preterm breast milk, occasionally fortified with specific nutrients.
d.
They should be fed only on special formulas because the nutrient content of breast milk is
too low.
e.
They should be fed raw cow’s milk fortified with infant vitamins.
22. Of the following cereals, which is most likely to result in an allergic reaction upon first feeding?
a.
Oat
b.
Rice
c.
Corn
d.
Wheat
e.
Barley
23. Which of the following represents a good age to introduce solid foods to infants?
a.
Two weeks
b.
Two months
c.
Five months
d.
Nine months
e.
One year
24. At what age does the normal infant first develop the ability to swallow nonliquid food?
a.
1 to 2 months
b.
2 to 4 months
c.
4 to 6 months
d.
6 to 9 months
e.
9 to 12 months
25. Why should new foods be introduced to an infant one at a time?
a.
It prevents overfeeding.
b.
Any allergic reactions can be detected.
c.
Immunological protection hasn’t been developed.
d.
The swallowing reflex is not under voluntary control.
e.
It reduces risk of upset stomach.
26. What should be the first cereal introduced to the infant?
a.
Oat
b.
Corn
c.
Rice
d.
Wheat
e.
Barley
27. Which of the following nutrients need to be supplied first by solid foods in a baby’s diet?
a.
Vitamin C and iron
b.
Vitamin A and zinc
c.
Vitamin B12 and fluoride
d.
Vitamin E and magnesium
e.
Sodium and manganese
28. Infants fed honey or corn syrup are at increased risk for
a.
protein malnutrition.
b.
botulism.
c.
osteopenia.
d.
type 1 diabetes.
e.
lead poisoning.
29. Young children who drink more than 2 to 3 1/2 cups of milk a day are most likely at increased risk for
deficiency of
a.
iron.
b.
folate.
c.
vitamin A.
d.
vitamin C.
e.
vitamin D.
30. Which of the following is true regarding energy metabolism of the preschool child?
a.
Food intake is remarkably similar from meal to meal.
b.
Overweight individuals have appetites similar to normal-weight individuals.
c.
Energy needs per kg body weight increase from 1 year of age to 5 years of age.
d.
A 1 year old who needs 800 kcal/day would require only about 1600 kcal at 6 years of age.
e.
An active 10 year-old requires about 3200 kcal/day.
31. Approximately how many kcal per day does an average 6 year old need to obtain?
a.
400
b.
800
c.
1600
d.
2400
e.
3200
32. Children should spend no more than ____ hours per day watching television, playing electronic games,
and using the computer (except for homework)
a.
1 to 2
b.
2 to 3
c.
3 to 4
d.
4 to 5
e.
5 to 6
33. Which of the following is a characteristic of fat in the diet of children?
a.
The recommended daily fat intake up to age 12 is age plus 20 g.
b.
There is an RDA for total fat for children beginning at 3 years of age.
c.
Low-fat diets usually provide sufficient amounts of the micronutrients.
d.
Fat intakes below 30% of total energy do not impair growth provided that total energy
intake is adequate.
e.
Children between 4 and 18 years of age should get at least 50% of their energy from fat.
34. Which of the following is the most prevalent nutrient deficiency among U.S. and Canadian children?
a.
Iron
b.
Protein
c.
Calcium
d.
Vitamin C
e.
Vitamin A
35. Which of the following is a feature of nutrition in childhood?
a.
Very few children take nutrient supplements of any kind.
b.
Total energy requirements are higher for a typical 3 year old than a 12 year old.
c.
Iron-deficiency anemia in children is prevalent in Canada but not the United States due to
fortification.
d.
Children who fail to consume vitamin D-fortified foods should receive a daily supplement
of 10 micrograms.
e.
Vegetarian and vegan diets are unsafe for children.
36. Which of the following was a finding of the Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study?
a.
Most toddlers but not infants consumed insufficient intakes of sodium.
b.
The most popular food among these population groups was baked potatoes.
c.
Most infants but not toddlers demonstrated food intake patterns consistent with MyPlate
recommendations.
d.
About one-fourth of the infants and toddlers failed to consume even one serving of fruits
or vegetables daily.
e.
Less than 10% of young preschoolers consumed nutrient-poor, energy-dense beverages,
desserts, and snack foods each day.
37. Which of the following is a characteristic of hunger and behavior in children?
a.
Children who fail to eat breakfast typically become hyperactive after eating lunch.
b.
The nutrient deficit arising from skipping a breakfast is usually made up over the
following 2 days.
c.
Children who eat nutritious breakfasts are absent from school less often than their friends
who do not.
d.
Although breakfast-skippers show reduced attention spans, their scores on intelligence
tests remain unaffected.
e.
While hunger can have short-term effects, there is little evidence for long-term effects.
38. Which of the following is characteristic of children who regularly eat breakfast or skip breakfast?
a.
Breakfast-skippers actually show lower scores on IQ tests than those who eat breakfast.
b.
Attention spans are similar but a significant number of breakfast-skippers show
hyperglycemia.
c.
Breakfast-skippers initially show decreased mental performance but with time they adapt
and show almost identical achievements.
d.
Breakfast-skippers who change to eating breakfast show a temporary improvement in
mental concentration but also a moderate degree of hypoglycemia.
e.
Children who skip breakfast and often quite thin and malnourished.
39. Which of the following is a characteristic of iron deficiency in children?
a.
It affects brain function before anemia sets in.
b.
It rarely develops in those with high intakes of milk.
c.
It is the primary factor in tension-fatigue syndrome.
d.
Mild deficiency enhances mental performance by lowering physical activity level, thereby
leading to increased attention span.
e.
Children who had iron deficiency as infants recover completely when iron levels are
normalized.
40. Which of the following is a characteristic of lead exposure and health?
a.
Absorption of lead is higher on an empty stomach.
b.
Lead toxicity is most prevalent in children around the time of puberty.
c.
Lead-induced anemia is similar to the anemia of vitamin B12 deficiency.
d.
The symptoms of lead toxicity can be reversed by adding iron to the diet.
e.
Lead exposure is extremely rare in the U.S..
41. What percentage of young school aged children exhibit hyperactivity?
a.
5%
b.
7%
c.
9%
d.
11%
e.
13%
42. What is thought to account, in part, for the rise in the prevalence of peanut allergy?
a.
Excess sodium consumed as part of the peanuts.
b.
Roasting peanuts at very high temperatures makes them more allergenic.
c.
Impaired digestion/absorption resulting from elevated leptin and adiponectin levels.
d.
Increased inflammation of the immune system due to altered ratio of omega-6 to omega-3
fatty acids.
e.
Hyperstimulation of the immune system by multiple vaccines.
43. A child who develops antibodies to a certain food is said to have a
a.
food allergy.
b.
food intolerance.
c.
specific inducible episode.
d.
transient immune suppression.
e.
histamine inhibition response.
44. Which of the following is a characteristic of a food allergy?
a.
It always elicits symptoms in the person.
b.
It always involves the production of antibodies.
c.
It always shows up immediately after exposure to the allergic food.
d.
It is elicited from very small, simple molecules as well as large, complex molecules.
e.
It is less severe than an intolerance.
45. Which of the following foods are most often the cause of anaphylactic shock?
a.
Eggs, peanuts, and milk
b.
Bananas, juice, and cola
c.
Apples, noodles, and rice
d.
Pears, oatmeal, and chocolate
e.
Barley, corn, and quinoa
46. What food is responsible for the most life-threatening allergic reactions in people?
a.
Eggs
b.
Peanuts
c.
Shellfish
d.
Cow’s milk
e.
Soy
47. A life-threatening whole-body allergic reaction is known as
a.
anaphylactic shock.
b.
hyperhistamine response.
c.
hyporespiratory syndrome.
d.
wheezing food intolerance.
e.
immunoresponsive allergy.
48. A child known to be allergic to peanuts who begins to show signs such as difficulty breathing,
swelling of the tongue, and severe abdominal discomfort is most likely in immediate need of a
life-saving injection of
a.
cortisone.
b.
serotonin.
c.
epinephrine.
d.
acetylcholine.
e.
histamine.
49. A child with a true allergy to milk is actually allergic to the milk’s
a.
casein.
b.
lactose.
c.
medium-chain fats.
d.
bovine growth hormone.
e.
contamination with antibiotics.
50. If a child is allergic to soy, which of the following should be avoided?
a.
Milk
b.
Diglycerides
c.
Peanut butter
d.
Textured vegetable protein
e.
Seitan
51. Approximately what percentage of U.S. children between 2 and 19 years of age are overweight?
a.
4
b.
8
c.
16
d.
32
e.
48
52. Which of the following is a characteristic of obesity in childhood?
a.
The typical obese child does not learn food behaviors from his family.
b.
A nonobese child of nonobese parents has a less than 10% chance of becoming obese in
adulthood.
c.
An obese adolescent with one obese parent has virtually a 100% chance of becoming
obese in adulthood.
d.
The typical obese child today has approximately the same energy intake as did children 30
years ago.
e.
Obese children should be put on restrictive diets to reduce their weight as quickly as
possible.
53. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, what is the recommended maximum number of
hours/day of television viewing for a child under 2 years of age?
a.
0
b.
1
c.
2
d.
3
e.
5
54. What population group consumes the most soft drinks each day at school?
a.
Teenage boys
b.
Teenage girls
c.
10 to 12 year-old boys
d.
10 to 12 year-old girls
e.
8 to 10 year-old boys and girls
55. The typical can of soft drink contains the equivalent of how many teaspoons of sugar?
a.
1
b.
3
c.
7
d.
10
e.
16
56. To help improve a child’s BMI, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends limiting television
and video time for children older than 2 years to how many hours per day?
a.
1
b.
2
c.
3
d.
4
e.
5
57. What is the leading cause of high blood pressure in children?
a.
Obesity
b.
High sodium intake
c.
Insufficient calcium intake
d.
Insufficient potassium intake
e.
Excess vitamin E intake
58. Which of the following is a feature of nutrition and behavior in children?
a.
Hyperactivity responds favorably to a low-sugar diet.
b.
The adverse effects from caffeine first appear only after drinking 6 cans of cola in one day.
c.
Television commercials featuring snack foods have been found to affect children’s food
preferences.
d.
Because most children are sensitive to the stimulating effects of caffeine, they are able to
control their intake of cola beverages.
e.
Research indicates a strong relationship between food dyes and attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder.
59. Which of the following is an effective strategy for dealing with obesity in a child?
a.
Encourage the individual to eat quickly and then leave the table.
b.
Institute new eating habits such as teaching the individual to clean the food plate.
c.
Engage the individual in at least 1 hour per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity.
d.
Take control and strongly encourage the individual to lose weight by limiting food intake
and exercising vigorously.
e.
Behavior modification programs that reward healthy choices and punish unhealthy
choices.
60. Who is best able to manage the growth and weight gain of overweight children?
a.
School nurse
b.
Parents/caregivers
c.
Health-care professional
d.
School physical education instructor
e.
Peers