49) Multicellular organisms evolved from three different ancestral lineages: alveolates, unikonts,
and archaeplastids. Of these, fungi and animals evolved from two different lineages of
________, and land plants are ________.
A) alveolates; unikonts
B) alveolates; archaeplastids
C) unikonts; archaeplastids
D) archaeplastids; unikonts
50) You take a 1-mL sample of pond water and add it to a colorless, viscous media in a small
petri dish. When you place it under your dissecting microscope, you see three organisms. Two
are struggling to move efficiently through the media, while the third moves more quickly. You
attribute the faster movement to the third organism’s
A) thick cell wall.
B) flagella.
C) fimbriae.
D) chloroplasts.
51) A patient visits her doctor complaining of stomach cramps, vomiting, and nausea. When he
takes a bacterial sample, he determines that Escherichia coli bacteria have used their ________
to attach to the cells lining her gastrointestinal tract.
A) cilia
B) flagella
C) fimbriae
D) peptidoglycan
52) Humans are an example of
A) chemoautotrophs.
B) photoautotrophs.
C) chemoheterotrophs.
D) photoheterotrophs.
53) In 2012, scientists studied modern Marchantia liverwort plants and observed that they not
only are able to make their own food using energy from sunlight but also absorb chemical
nutrients from plant material in aquatic environments. They classified this plant as a
A) chemoheterotroph.
B) photoautotroph.
C) mixotroph.
D) chemoautotroph.
54) If a prokaryote is placed in an aquatic environment that has moderate sunlight availability as
well as dead plant material, an effective mode of nutrition would be
A) photoautotrophic behavior.
B) chemotrophic behavior.
C) mixotrophic behavior.
D) chemoautotrophic behavior.
55) You hang a microscope slide from a submerged, L-shaped PVC pipe in lake water that is 2
feet deep. The slide hangs 6 inches below the surface of the water and remains there for eight
weeks. When you remove it and bring it to your lab for observation, you see that algae, bacteria,
and even some fungi have colonized the slide. You determine that you are looking at a/an
A) biofilm.
B) community of eukaryotes.
C) biological weapon.
D) endotoxin.
56) Bioventing is a scientific technology that uses microorganisms to break down components of
fuels in groundwater. Bioventing is an example of
A) a microbial community.
B) bioremediation.
C) biofilm-forming bacteria.
D) a radiolarian community.
57) In a process called phytoremediation, specific plants are planted in areas where toxic
chemicals have contaminated groundwater. The roots absorb the contaminants to help eliminate
the tainted water, which is often drinking water. This is an example of
A) an endotoxin.
B) a microbial community.
C) bioremediation.
D) a biofilm.
58) In 2012, scientists discovered that colonies of single-celled organisms can be found in high
numbers in the human gut. Scientists are particularly concerned with the colonies that produce
methane, as methane in the human gut can be linked to constipation and irritable bowel
syndrome (IBS). The scientists can classify these colonies as belonging to the domain
A) Archaea.
B) Bacteria.
C) Eukarya.
D) Protista.
59) When hermit crabs crawl across the ocean floor, they often have sea anemones attached to
their backs. The anemones use their dangerous tentacles to keep hermit crab predators at bay,
and they dine on the particles of food that the crab does not eat. This is an example of
A) bioremediation.
B) alternation of generations.
C) symbiosis.
D) endosymbiosis.
60) When snapping shrimp are building their homes in the seafloor, goby fish keep guard and
flap their tails when danger is approaching. As part of this relationship, the shrimp allow the
gobies to sleep in the burrow and use it for cover from predators. This is an example of
A) symbiosis.
B) biofilms.
C) bioremediation.
D) endosymbiosis.
17
61) The bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces a protein that is secreted into its
environment. The protein inhibits synthesis of elongation factor 2 (another protein) in humans.
This effect may sound dangerous, but it has been considered as a possible treatment for hepatitis
B. The protein produced by P. aeruginosa is a/an ________.
A) endotoxin
B) exotoxin
C) biological weapon
D) biofilm
62) Choose two of the following events in protist evolution and then put them in the correct
order in which they occur according to current science.
1) Mitochondria evolved through primary endosymbiosis
2) Chloroplasts evolved through secondary endosymbiosis.
3) Mitochondria and then chloroplasts evolved through primary endosymbiosis.
4) Protozoans were incorporated into several other groups of protists through secondary
endosymbiosis.
5) Chloroplasts and then mitochondria evolved through primary endosymbiosis.
6) Algae were incorporated into several other groups of protists through secondary
endosymbiosis.
A) 1, 2
B) 3, 4
C) 1, 6
D) 2, 6
63) The famous pink-colored sand of Bermuda’s beaches is due to crushed shells of ________,
marine organisms with tests (porous shells) made of organic material hardened by calcium
carbonate.
A) radiolarians
B) green algae
C) foraminifera
D) lobsters
64) You are studying a mini-ecosystem that you created from samples of lake water, plants, and
sediment. Your teacher tells you to drop about 10 sesame seeds on the top of the water because
they will attract some interesting organisms. One week later, you see that the seeds are
surrounded by white fuzz that is extending off of the seeds, and you conclude that the
decomposing seeds have been colonized by
A) diatoms.
B) brown algae.
C) unikonts.
D) water molds.
65) Which of the following statements regarding Ulva is true?
A) Ulva, a green algae, resembles land plants because it produces diploid gametes.
B) Ulva, a brown algae, has a complex life cycle with diploid body cells and haploid gametes.
C) Ulva, a green algae, has a complex life cycle with diploid body cells and haploid gametes.
D) Ulva, a green algae, has a complex life cycle with alternation between multicellular diploid
and haploid generations.
66) If you place an organism classified as a photoautotroph at the bottom of a lake and later see
that it is able to acquire nutrients from dead plant material, you can conclude the photoautotroph
is actually a
A) photoheterotroph.
B) chemoautotroph.
C) chemoheterotroph.
D) mixotroph.
67) Someone diagnosed with meningitis has inflamed membranes that cover and protect the
brain and spinal cord. Meningitis is a result of pathogenic gram-negative bacteria that cause
extreme infections when their bacterial cell wall dies and lipopolysaccharide (a lipid and
polysaccharide) is released. The lipopolysaccharide is an example of a/an
A) endotoxin.
B) exotoxin.
C) stomach microbiota.
D) parasite.
68) Alginates are used in many everyday products, including toothpaste and soap. When added
to water, they form a thick gel that binds or emulsifies liquids. Alginates come from a group of
multicellular stramenopiles that have one pigment that masks all others and therefore gives these
organisms a distinctive, dark color. Alginates are derived from
A) green algae.
B) brown algae.
C) water molds.
D) dinoflagellates.
69) Some white blood cells are able to surround and ingest bacteria. Which of the following
would you expect to see as part of the blood cell structure?
A) secondary cell walls
B) flagella
C) pseudopodia
D) cilia
70) Some current research efforts are investigating whether or not ________, a group of
prokaryotes with the ability to produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis, can be used as
a source of renewable energy by converting sunlight into electricity.
A) chlamydias
B) spirochetes
C) proteobacteria
D) cyanobacteria
71) Dunaliella salina is a bacterium that is able to live in aqueous solutions with such high salt
concentrations that the salt cannot fully dissolve. D. salina is an example of a/an
A) extreme thermophile.
B) extreme halophile.
C) methanogen.
D) proteobacteria.
72) Compost piles create an intense heat source and would therefore be suitable environments for
________.
A) extreme thermophiles
B) extreme halophiles
C) methanogens
D) proteobacteria
16.2 Art Questions
1) According to the figure, green alga resulted from ________, and Euglena resulted from
________.
A) primary endosymbiosis; both primary and secondary endosymbiosis
B) primary endosymbiosis; primary endosymbiosis
C) both primary and secondary endosymbiosis; secondary endosymbiosis only
D) secondary endosymbiosis only; primary endosymbiosis
2) Which stage of the life cycle shown is the sporophyte?
A) stage A
B) stage B
C) stage C
D) stage D
16.3 Scenario Questions
After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
In the 1930s, the Navajo Nation treated sheep and cattle for ticks and other parasites by using
concrete “dip tanks,” a common practice in the United States during that time period. Animals
were herded into one end of the tank and out the other. Each day, the tanks were filled with
200,000 gallons of insecticide, and any remaining chemicals were emptied onto the ground. The
pesticide solution seeped into the ground, ditches, and pits around the tanks.
In the 1990s, the EPA Emergency Response Team (ERT) was called to the Navajo Nation to
investigate the problem. They concluded that bioremediation procedures were the best option for
cleaning up the site. Certain types of bacteria are able to feed on and digest toxic organic
substances, such as pesticides, and use them as fuel for cell respiration. The ERT distributed
these pesticide-eating microorganisms throughout the contaminated soil to remove the chemical
residues. Once the contaminants are degraded, these microorganism populations will die off
because they will have used up all of their food supply.
1) The bacteria used in this bioremediation procedure are ________.
A) chemoautotrophs
B) photoautotrophs
C) chemoheterotrophs
D) photoheterotrophs
2) The pesticide-eating bacteria probably evolved from species that
A) fed on pesticides present on the early planet Earth.
B) fed on the tissues and blood of cattle and sheep.
C) were previously adapted to colonize anaerobic environments.
D) fed on molecules with a chemical structure similar to pesticides.
After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Textile mills often release dye color and toxic by-products into rivers and streams, which may
then taint groundwater. Fungi associated with mangrove trees have been shown to reduce both
colors and toxicity in tainted groundwater.
3) The fungi are being used as a form of
A) endosymbiosis.
B) bioremediation.
C) phagocytosis.
D) mixotrophy.
4) Suppose that in 1990, fungal treatment was added to stream water contaminated from a textile
mill. The toxins in the water tend to lower pH levels, and scientists wanted to study how adding
the fungal treatment affected stream pH levels. pH levels were recorded every year for five
years. Results indicated that the acidity of the stream water decreased from pH 2.5 in the first
year to pH 5.9 by the fifth year. Scientists concluded that
A) the fungal treatment had little to no effect on detoxifying the stream water.
B) the fungal treatment had a positive effect on detoxifying the stream water.
C) the fungal treatment had completely detoxified the stream water.
D) there was not enough evidence to determine the effects of the fungal treatment on the toxic
stream water.