Chapter 16 – Reproductive Technology – Genetic Testing – and Gene Therapy
True / False
1. The genetic engineering of human-animal hybrids is a routine procedure related to assisted reproductive technologies.
a.
True
b.
False
False
16–1: Genetic Technology and Reproduction
2. In women, blocked oviducts can result from sexually transmitted diseases.
a.
True
b.
False
True
16–2: Infertility Is a Common Problem
infertility.
3. Primary infertility is diagnosed when a couple who has had one child has trouble conceiving a second.
a.
True
b.
False
False
16–2: Infertility Is a Common Problem
4. Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT) requires in vitro fertilization to be performed before embryo transfer into the
oviduct.
a.
True
b.
False
True
16–3: Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) Expand Childbearing Options
5. The laws related to sperm donation and surrogacy are the same in each state in the US.
a.
True
b.
False
False
6. A decreased risk of epigenetic imprinting disorders, such as Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, is observed in children
conceived following ART.
a.
True
b.
False
False
16–4: Ethical Issues in Reproductive Technology
7. Amniocentesis poses increased risks to the fetus and mother.
a.
True
b.
False
True
16–5: Genetic Testing and Screening
as amniocentesis.
8. Gene therapy has not yet cured any patient of his or her genetic disorder.
a.
True
b.
False
False
16–6: Therapy for Genetic Disorders
therapy.
9. Gene doping is an approved and widely accepted training technique for elite athletes.
a.
True
b.
False
False
16–6: Therapy for Genetic Disorders
10. Genetic counselors are typically medical doctors who specialize in treating infertile couples.
a.
True
b.
False
False
16–3: Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) Expand Childbearing Options
Chapter 16 – Reproductive Technology – Genetic Testing – and Gene Therapy
Multiple Choice
11. The birth of Louise Brown was the first person born as a result of _____.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
a
Bloom’s: Remember
16–1: Genetic Technology and Reproduction
discuss how the birth of Louise Brown in 1978 marked a milestone for these technologies.
12. Approximately _____ percent of human births in the U.S. are the result of in vitro fertilization.
a.
0.5
b.
1.5
c.
5
d.
10
e.
25
b
Bloom’s: Remember
16–1: Genetic Technology and Reproduction
discuss how the birth of Louise Brown in 1978 marked a milestone for these technologies.
13. About ____ couples are affected by infertility.
a.
0.5% of
b.
1 in 6
c.
1 in 10
d.
1 in 100
e.
25% of
a
Bloom’s: Remember
16–2: Infertility Is a Common Problem
the number of female, male, and unexplained infertility cases.
14. The most common cause of low sperm count in males is _____.
a.
varicocele
b.
undescended testicles
16–7: Genetic Counseling Assesses Reproductive Risks
disorder.
Chapter 16 – Reproductive Technology – Genetic Testing – and Gene Therapy
c.
testicular failure
d.
semen disorders
e.
obstructions
a
Bloom’s: Understand
16–2: Infertility Is a Common Problem
female infertility.
15. In a woman’s monthly cycle, the hormone _____ is released when estrogen reaches a peak.
a.
luteinizing hormone
b.
oxytocin
c.
progesterone
d.
testosterone
e.
human chorionic gonadotrophin
a
Bloom’s: Understand
16–2: Infertility Is a Common Problem
female infertility.
16. Fertilization take place within a woman’s body in which of the following ART techniques?
a.
GIFT
b.
ICSI
c.
IVF
d.
ZIFT
e.
PGD
a
Bloom’s: Understand
16–3: Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) Expand Childbearing Options
and surrogacy.
17. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is used by couples in which the _____.
a.
female has blocked oviducts
b.
female has very irregular ovulation
c.
female is approaching menopause
d.
source of sperm is a sperm bank
e.
male is infertile
e
16–3: Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) Expand Childbearing Options
HUHE.CUMM.16.16-3-1 – Describe the processes of, and medical rationales for, the ART
18. Consider an infertile couple, of which both partners are able to produce healthy gametes, but the woman’s history of
endometriosis has rendered her unable to carry a fetus. Suppose this couple undergoes IVF with their own gametes,
followed by embryo transfer to the uterus of a gestational surrogate, and the birth of a baby. What is the genetic
relationship between the surrogate and the baby?
a.
The baby shares only X chromosomal DNA with the gestational surrogate.
b.
The baby shares 25% of its genes with the gestational surrogate.
c.
The baby shares half of its genes with the gestational surrogate.
d.
The baby is genetically identical to the gestational surrogate.
e.
There is no genetic relationship between the gestational surrogate and the baby.
e
Bloom’s: Apply
16–3: Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) Expand Childbearing Options
and surrogacy.
19. Approximately _____ of IVF pregnancies result in multiple births.
a.
5%
b.
10%
c.
20%
d.
50%
e.
75%
c
Bloom’s: Remember
16–4: Ethical Issues in Reproductive Technology
conjunction with ART.
20. The use of _____ is associated with an increased risk of transmitting genetic defects, such as those related to
infertility, onto male children.
a.
IVF
b.
GIFT
c.
IUI
d.
ZIFT
e.
ICSI
e
Bloom’s: Understand
16–4: Ethical Issues in Reproductive Technology
conjunction with ART.
21. _____ is performed to detect genetic disorders and birth defects in a fetus.
and surrogacy.
Chapter 16 – Reproductive Technology – Genetic Testing – and Gene Therapy
a.
Carrier testing
b.
Prenatal testing
c.
Genetic screening
d.
Gene therapy
e.
Enzyme replacement therapy
b
Bloom’s: Understand
16–5: Genetic Testing and Screening
testing, and prenatal testing; explain the circumstances in which each would be performed.
22. An individual who is at risk of passing a genetic defect onto his or her offspring would most likely undergo ____.
a.
genetic testing
b.
genetic screening
c.
enzyme replacement therapy
d.
preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)
e.
amniocentesis
a
Bloom’s: Understand
16–5: Genetic Testing and Screening
testing, and prenatal testing; explain the circumstances in which each would be performed.
23. What technique can be used to detect genetic defects in early stage embryos, prior to implantation?
a.
genetic screening
b.
chorionic villus sampling
c.
PGD
d.
amniocentesis
e.
micromanipulation
c
Bloom’s: Understand
16–5: Genetic Testing and Screening
technology
24. _____ corrects the genetic defect in an individual with a genetic disorder by _____.
a.
Enzyme replacement therapy; delivery of a normal gene to affected cells in the body
b.
PGD; removing affected cells from an early stage embryo
c.
Gene therapy; PGD
d.
Gene therapy; delivery of a normal gene to affected cells in the body
e.
Chorionic villus sampling; constructing karyotypes from affected cells
d
Bloom’s: Understand
16–6: Therapy for Genetic Disorders
25. The most common vectors used in DNA therapy experiments are _____.
a.
modified human cells
b.
retroviruses and adenoviruses
c.
antisense oligonucleotides (AONs)
d.
bacteria
e.
naked DNA
b
Bloom’s: Understand
16–6: Therapy for Genetic Disorders
HUHE.CUMM.16.16-6-2 – Explain how gene therapy is performed.
26. To treat severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) by gene therapy, a patient’s white blood cells are removed,
followed by the delivery of a normal gene into the cells. The altered cells are then returned to the patient’s body. This is
an example of _____ gene therapy.
a.
enhancement
b.
germ-line
c.
viral
d.
in vivo
e.
ex vivo
e
Bloom’s: Apply
16–6: Therapy for Genetic Disorders
HUHE.CUMM.16.16-6-2 – Explain how gene therapy is performed.
27. The technique of ____ is a form of genetic disorder therapy in which a patient’s defective protein is artificially
provided.
a.
PGD
b.
exon splicing
c.
exon skipping
d.
intron skipping
e.
enzyme replacement therapy
e
Bloom’s: Understand
16–6: Therapy for Genetic Disorders
HUHE.CUMM.16.16-6-4 – Explain the process of, and rationale for, exon skipping.
28. Recent successes in gene therapy are attributed to the _____.
a.
focus on germ-line gene therapy, rather than somatic gene therapy
b.
development of improved vectors
c.
sequencing of the human genome
d.
improvements in prenatal testing techniques
e.
improvements in gene doping
b
HUHE.CUMM.16.16-6-2 – Explain how gene therapy is performed.
29. Usually, the first procedure a genetic counselor performs for a client is _____.
a.
amniocentesis
b.
construction of a karyotype
c.
biochemical testing
d.
construction of a pedigree based on family and medical histories
e.
ultrasonic imaging
d
Bloom’s: Understand
16–7: Genetic Counseling Assesses Reproductive Risks
disorder.
30. Which scenario describes a situation for which genetic counseling is recommended?
a.
Couples who have no family history of genetic disorders
b.
Women under age 35 who plan to become pregnant
c.
Couples who already have a child with a birth defect
d.
Couples who have undergone IVF
e.
Women who have had one miscarriage, and no other pregnancies
c
Bloom’s: Understand
16–7: Genetic Counseling Assesses Reproductive Risks
Completion
31. ____________________ involves the fertilization of the egg outside the body, followed by transfer of the embryo into
a woman’s uterus.
IVF
Bloom’s: Understand
16–1: Genetic Technology and Reproduction
discuss how the birth of Louise Brown in 1978 marked a milestone for these technologies.
32. Low sperm ____________________ results in the inability of sperm to move through cervical mucus and reach the
egg in the oviduct.
motility
Bloom’s: Understand
16–2: Infertility Is a Common Problem
Bloom’s: Understand
16–6: Therapy for Genetic Disorders
therapy.
33. The condition of having no sperm in the semen is called ____________________.
34. The three components of the female reproductive system that are required for successful reproduction are the eggs,
____________________, and ____________________.
35. Fertilization takes place in the ____________________, and the embryo grows and develops in the
____________________.
36. ____________________, one of the earliest methods of ART, was developed primarily to overcome problems with
male infertility.
37. If a male produces healthy gametes but his female partner can neither produce gametes nor carry a fetus, a(n)
____________________ surrogate can be used to help them achieve successful reproduction.
38. ____________________ is the recommended ART procedure performed on women with blocked oviducts.
39. Guidelines suggest that only ____________________ (number) embryo(s) be transferred to the woman’s uterus
following IVF, in order to reduce the incidence of multiple births.
40. The risk of ____________________, which occurs when the embryo begins to grow outside the uterus, increases with
the use of IVF.
41. Babies who are born following PGD to select for a tissue match to an ailing sibling are referred to as
____________________.
42. A variation of the PGD method, called ____________________, can test for genetic disorders in the egg before
fertilization.
43. If carrier testing determines that one parent is a heterozygous carrier of an autosomal recessive genetic defect, while
the other parent is not a carrier, then the fetus has a(n) ____________________ % chance of being affected.
44. The method of gene therapy that would result in the transferred gene being passed onto offspring is known as
____________________.
45. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that results in mucus build-up in the lungs and subsequent breathing difficulties;
therefore, ____________________ cells would be the target for somatic gene therapy to cure this condition.
46. The first successful outcome of gene therapy was in a case of a young girl suffering from ____________________,
who was supplied with normal copies of the ADA gene.
47. Early failures of gene therapy included two children who developed ____________________ after receiving gene
therapy for X-linked SCID.
48. In exon skipping, ____________________ are used to target specific exons for skipping by blocking splicing signals
during pre-mRNA processing.
49. ____________________ assess the risks of developing, inheriting, or transmitting genetic disorders, and assist clients
in understanding this information.
50. Genetic counselors gather medical and family histories in order to construct a(n) ____________________, which will
enable them to establish the inheritance of a genetic trait in a family.
Essay
51. Discuss the three most important factors for successful reproduction.
52. Explain why infertility in women increases with advancing age, and how ART methods can overcome this problem in
older women.
53. Explain the reasoning behind the laws in some European countries that limit the number of children that can result
from a single sperm donor. Do you agree with these restrictions? Why or why not?
54. Discuss the reasons why ART leads to more multiple and premature births than the general population.
55. Discuss the ethical issues – both for and against – associated with PGD selection of savior babies.
56. Do you agree with the practice of using PGD to select for gender or for genetic disabilities present in the parents (for
example, deafness and dwarfism)? Why or why not? Should there be legal restrictions on PGD in the US? Why or why
not?
57. Should legal restrictions limit the application of gene therapy to only correcting genetic defects? Should enhancement
gene therapy and/or gene doping be illegal? Do you think such a law would be enforceable? Explain your reasoning.
58. List the three factors required for gene therapy, and explain the difference between ex vivo and in vivo gene therapy.
59. Explain why enzyme replacement therapy cannot cure a genetic disease, and why gene therapy offers the only cure.
60. Would you recommend a couple in which the male is infertile to seek genetic counseling? Why or why not?