Exam
Name___________________________________
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1)
Each of the following provides protection from phagocytic digestion EXCEPT
1)
A)
leukocidins.
B)
biofilms.
C)
formation of phagolysosomes.
D)
capsules.
E)
M protein.
2)
The antimicrobial effects of AMPs include all of the following EXCEPT
2)
A)
pore formation in bacterial membranes.
B)
destruction of nucleic acids.
C)
inhibition of cell wall synthesis.
D)
lysis of bacterial cells.
E)
inhibition of phagocytosis.
E
3)
Activation of C5C9 results in
3)
A)
inflammation.
B)
activation of C3.
C)
lysis of microbial cells.
D)
phagocytosis.
E)
fixation of complement.
C
C
4)
Neutrophils with defective lysosomes are unable to
4)
A)
attach to microorganisms and other foreign material.
B)
undergo chemotaxis.
C)
migrate.
D)
engulf microorganisms and other foreign material.
E)
produce toxic oxygen products.
5)
All of the following are effects of histamine EXCEPT
5)
A)
isolation of an injurious agent.
B)
repair of damaged tissue.
C)
production of antibodies.
D)
removal of an injurious agent.
E)
destruction of an injurious agent.
6)
Which of the following is mismatched?
6)
A)
chemotaxis — chemical degradation inside a phagolysosome
B)
scab — dried blood clot over injured tissue
C)
pus — tissue debris and dead phagocytes in a white or yellow fluid
D)
diapedesis — movement of leukocytes between capillary walls cells out of blood and into
tissue
E)
abcess — a cavity created by tissue damage and filled with pus
7)
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
7)
A)
Alpha interferon promotes phagocytosis.
B)
Beta interferon attacks invading viruses.
C)
Alpha interferon acts against specific viruses.
D)
All three types of interferons have the same effect on the body.
E)
Gamma interferon causes bactericidal activity by macrophages.
8)
Activation of C3a results in
8)
A)
increased blood vessel permeability.
B)
cell lysis.
C)
opsonization.
D)
acute inflammation.
E)
attraction of phagocytes.
9)
All of the following occur during inflammation. What is the first step?
9)
A)
phagocyte migration
B)
margination
C)
diapedesis
D)
vasodilation
E)
repair
D
10)
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
10)
A)
There are at least thirty complement proteins.
B)
Complement activity is antigen–specific.
C)
Complement increases after immunization.
D)
Factors B, D, and P cause cytolysis.
E)
All of the complement proteins are constantly active in serum.
A
11)
Which of the following is found normally in serum?
11)
A)
interferon
B)
complement
C)
histamine
D)
leukocytosis–promoting factor
E)
TLRs
B
D
12)
Margination refers to
12)
A)
the chemotactic response of phagocytes.
B)
the adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms.
C)
dilation of blood vessels.
D)
the movement of phagocytes through walls of blood vessels.
E)
adherence of phagocytes to the lining of blood vessels.
13)
All of the following protect the skin and mucous membranes from infection EXCEPT
13)
A)
HCl.
B)
the “ciliary escalator.”
C)
tears.
D)
saliva.
E)
multiple layers of cells.
A
14)
The function of the “ciliary escalator” is to
14)
A)
remove microorganisms from the gastrointestinal tract.
B)
propel inhaled dust and microorganisms toward the throat.
C)
remove microorganisms from the upper respiratory tract.
D)
remove microorganisms from the lower respiratory tract.
E)
trap inhaled dust and microorganisms in mucous and propel it away from the lower
respiratory tract.
E
15)
A differential cell count is used to determine each of the following EXCEPT
15)
A)
the numbers of each type of white blood cell.
B)
leukocytosis.
C)
leukopenia.
D)
the number of red blood cells.
E)
the total number of white blood cells.
D
E
16)
Each of the following is an effect of complement activation EXCEPT
16)
A)
interference with viral replication.
B)
bacterial cell lysis.
C)
opsonization.
D)
increased blood vessel permeability.
E)
increased phagocytic activity.
17)
Which of the following is an effect of opsonization?
17)
A)
increased margination of phagocytes
B)
cytolysis
C)
inflammation
D)
increased diapedesis of phagocytes
E)
increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms
18)
The alternative pathway for complement activation is initiated by
18)
A)
antigenantibody reactions.
B)
factors released from damaged tissues.
C)
lipid–carbohydrate complexes and C3.
D)
C5C9.
E)
factors released from phagocytes.
19)
TLRs attach to all of the following EXCEPT
19)
A)
AMPs.
B)
peptidoglycan.
C)
LPS.
D)
flagellin.
E)
PAMPs.
20)
Which of the following is involved in resistance to parasitic helminths?
20)
A)
monocytes
B)
neutrophils
C)
lymphocytes
D)
eosinophils
E)
basophils
21)
Lysozyme and the antibiotic penicillin have similar mechanisms of action in that they both cause
damage to the bacterial
21)
A)
DNA.
B)
cell membrane.
C)
ribosomes.
D)
capsule.
E)
cell wall.
22)
All of the following pertain to fever EXCEPT that it
22)
A)
stimulates T lymphocyte activity.
B)
intensifies the effect of antiviral interferons.
C)
is caused by interleukin–1 and TNF–alpha coming into contact with the hypothalamus.
D)
can be initiated by specific types of pathogens.
E)
accelerates microbial growth by increasing iron absorption from the digestive tract.
23)
Macrophages arise from which of the following?
23)
A)
monocytes
B)
eosinophils
C)
basophils
D)
neutrophils
E)
lymphocytes
24)
All of the following are part of the mechanism of action of alpha and beta interferons EXCEPT
24)
A)
they disrupt stages of viral multiplication.
B)
they initiate transcription.
C)
they initiate manufacture of antiviral proteins.
D)
they are effective for long periods.
E)
they bind to the surface of uninfected cells.
25)
All of the following increase blood vessel permeability EXCEPT
25)
A)
lysozymes.
B)
leukotrienes.
C)
histamine.
D)
kinins.
E)
prostaglandins.
Explanation:
26)
All of the following are iron–binding proteins found in humans EXCEPT
26)
A)
ferritin.
B)
transferrin.
C)
siderophorin.
D)
hemoglobin.
E)
lactoferrin.
Explanation:
Explanation:
27)
A child falls and suffers a deep cut on her leg. The cut went through her skin and she is bleeding.
Which of the following defense mechanisms will participate in eliminating contaminating
microbes?
27)
A)
normal skin flora
B)
acidic skin secretions
C)
lysozyme
D)
mucociliary escalator
E)
phagocytosis in the inflammatory response
28)
All of the following are components of the inflammatory process EXCEPT
28)
A)
diapedesis.
B)
chemotaxis.
C)
release of histamines and prostaglandins.
D)
antibody synthesis.
E)
dilation of blood vessels.
A
29)
The lectin pathway for complement action is initiated by
29)
A)
mannose on host membranes.
B)
gram–negative cell walls.
C)
lectins of the microbe.
D)
gram–positive cell walls.
E)
mannose on the surface of microbes.
E
E
30)
The swelling associated with inflammation decreases when the fluid
30)
A)
is transported into macrophages.
B)
goes into lymph capillaries.
C)
is lost as perspiration.
D)
is excreted in urine.
E)
returns to the blood.
31)
The complement protein cascade is the same for the classical pathway, alternative pathway, and
lectin pathway beginning with the activation of
31)
A)
C1.
B)
C2.
C)
C3.
D)
C5.
E)
C6.
32)
Innate immunity includes all of the following EXCEPT
32)
A)
activation of complement.
B)
phagocytosis.
C)
inflammation.
D)
production of interferon.
E)
production of antibody.
33)
Which non–specific defense mechanism is mismatched with its associated body structure or body
fluid?
33)
A)
cerumen and sebum — ear
B)
lysozyme — tears and saliva
C)
keratin and tightly packed cells — skin
D)
mucociliary escalator — intestines
E)
very acidic pH— stomach
34)
Which of the following statements about the classical pathway of complement activation is FALSE?
34)
A)
Cleaved fragments of some of the proteins act to increase inflammation.
B)
The C1 protein complex is initiated by antigenantibody complexes.
C)
C3b causes opsonization.
D)
C3 is not involved in the classical pathway.
E)
C1 is the first protein activated in the classical pathway.
35)
After ingesting a pathogen, lysosomal enzymes produce all of the following EXCEPT
35)
A)
HOCl.
B)
OH·.
C)
complement.
D)
O2–.
E)
H2O2.
C
36)
The classical pathway for complement activation is initiated by
36)
A)
factors released from damaged tissues.
B)
antigenantibody reactions.
C)
factors released from phagocytes.
D)
lipid–carbohydrate complexes and C3.
E)
C5C9.
B
37)
A chill is a sign that
37)
A)
blood vessels are dilating.
B)
body temperature is falling.
C)
body temperature is not changing.
D)
the metabolic rate is decreasing.
E)
body temperature is rising.
E
D
38)
Normal microbiota provide protection from infection in each of the following ways EXCEPT
38)
A)
they compete with pathogens for nutrients.
B)
they produce lysozyme.
C)
they make the chemical environment unsuitable for nonresident bacteria.
D)
they produce antibacterial chemicals.
E)
they change the pH of the environment.
39)
Phagocytes utilize all of the following to optimize interaction with microorganisms EXCEPT
39)
A)
chemotaxis.
B)
complement.
C)
opsonization.
D)
trapping a bacterium against a rough surface.
E)
lysozyme.
40)
Several inherited deficiencies in the complement system occur in humans. Which of the following
would be the MOST severe?
40)
A)
deficiency of C3
B)
deficiency of C5
C)
deficiency of C6
D)
deficiency of C7
E)
deficiency of C8
41)
Which of the following statements about fixed macrophages is FALSE?
41)
A)
They gather at sites of infection.
B)
They are found in certain tissues and organs.
C)
They develop from neutrophils.
D)
They are mature monocytes.
E)
They are cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system.
42)
All of the following are affects of histamine EXCEPT
42)
A)
swelling.
B)
fever.
C)
redness.
D)
pain.
E)
vasodilation.
43)
Which of the following exhibits the highest phagocytic activity?
43)
A)
macrophages
B)
basophils
C)
erythrocytes
D)
eosinophils
E)
neutrophils
A
44)
All of the following are true regarding NK cells EXCEPT
44)
A)
they are a type of lymphocyte.
B)
they release toxic substances that cause cell lysis or apoptosis.
C)
they have the ability to kill infected body cells and some tumor cells.
D)
they are found in tissues of the lymphatic system.
E)
they destroy infected body cells by phagocytosis.
E
45)
Innate immunity
45)
A)
provides increased susceptibility to disease.
B)
is slower than adaptive immunity in responding to pathogens.
C)
involves a memory component.
D)
involves T cells and B cells.
E)
is nonspecific and present at birth.
E
B
TRUE/FALSE. Write ‘T’ if the statement is true and ‘F’ if the statement is false.
46)
The inflammatory response can only be triggered by an infection.
46)
47)
An example of a TLR would be peptidoglycan found in the cell wall of gram–positive bacteria.
47)
48)
Complement proteins act as opsonins by binding to microorganisms and promoting phagocytosis.
48)
49)
Aspirin alleviates pain, inflammation, and fever by inhibiting prostaglandins.
49)
50)
Histamine and kinins cause increased blood flow and capillary permeability.
50)
51)
Ingestion of certain lactic acid bacteria (LABs) has been shown to be beneficial for function and
health of the intestinal tract.
51)
52)
Digestion of microorganisms occurs in phagosomes.
52)
53)
The dermis is composed of connective tissue and provides protection from the external
environment.
53)
54)
Maturation of stem cells into mature blood cells occurs in the red bone marrow.
54)
55)
Microorganisms that are members of the normal microbiota are also known to cause disease.
55)
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
56)
The complement system is extremely important in the innate defense response. It can be said that this system is
a cascade system. Explain this statement.
57)
Describe and differentiate between the three pathways of activating complement.
58)
Explain how each of the following avoids being killed by phagocytes.
a. Streptococcus pneumoniae
b. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
c. Streptococcus pyogenes
d. Shigella dysenteriae
59)
Describe the nonspecific antimicrobial effects of mucus, lysozyme, and low pH. For each of these substances, list
where they are found in the body and how they function in fighting pathogens.
Answer Key
Testname: C16
15
Answer Key
Testname: C16