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1.Thedifferencebetweenpurescienceandappliedscienceis:
a.purescienceisresearchtoacquiretheknowledgenecessarytosolveaspecific,recognizedproblem,while
appliedscienceissystematicresearchdirectedtowardacquisitionofknowledgeforitsownsake.
b.purescienceissystematicresearchdirectedtowardacquisitionofknowledgeforitsownsake,whileapplied
scienceisresearchtoacquiretheknowledgenecessarytosolveaspecific,recognizedproblem.
c.purescienceissystematicresearchdirectedtowardacquisitionofknowledgeforitsownsake,whileapplied
scienceistheapplicationofscientificknowledgeforlegalpurposes.
d.puresciencehasnohiddenpoliticalagenda,whileappliedsciencedoes.
2.Whichofthefollowingactivitieswouldanappliedanthropologistbeleastlikelytobeinvolvedin?
a.Evaluatingdomesticsocialprogramslookingforwaystoimprovethem
b.Helpingcorporationsimprovecorporateworkingconditions
c.Conductingresearchtobetterunderstandhowandwhythemajorsocialinstitutionsevolved
d.Helpingtodevelopculturallyappropriatemethodsofdeliveringhealthcare
3.Appliedarchaeology:
a.bringsthetechniquesofarchaeologytonon-traditionalvenues.
b.appliesourknowledgeofthehumanpasttoconcreteeconomicorsocialproblems.
c.canmakearchaeologyrelevanttothemodernworld.
d.Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
4.TheGarbageProjectwasstartedinTucson,Arizonain1973by:
a.EmilHaury.
b.WilliamRathje.
c.WilsonHughes.
d.CleaKoff.
5.AsdemonstratedbytheGarbageProject’sresearchintolandfills,thebulkofAmericanlandfillsarecomprisedof:
a.plastic.
b.paper.
c.constructionmaterials.
d.aluminum.
6.WhydidRathjeresorttorootingthroughpeoples’garbageratherthansimplyaskingthemquestionsabouttheir
consumptionbehavior?
a.Becausepeopledonotalwaysanswerquestionnairesaccuratelyandhonestly.
b.Becausethedistributionofhouseholdsmadeitimpossibletoconductarandomsamplesurvey.
c.Becauseonlygarbageassociatedwithabandonedhousescouldlegallybeexamined,andtherewastherefore
noonetoask.
d.Becausesomanyhouseholdswereincludedinthestudy,havingpeoplerespondtoquestionnaireswould
havebeenanenormousandcostlytask.
7.TheGarbageProjectdemonstratedwhichofthefollowingaboutAmerica’slandfills?
a.Thankstotherecentpublicfocusonrecycling,onlyabout1%ofourlandfills’spaceistakenupbypaper
products.
b.Disposablediapers,plasticbottles,andlargeappliancestogethermakeuproughly50%ofalandfill’s
volume.
c.Verylittleinourlandfillsactuallybiodegrades;after20years,from1/3to1/2ofallorganicmaterialsarestill
recognizable.
d.Organicmaterialtendstobiodegraderapidlyinourlandfills,leavingabundantroomforothertypesof
garbage;contrarytopopularopinion,spaceforlandfillsaroundlargecitiesisinnodangerofrunningout.
8.Theapplicationofarchaeologicalandbioarchaeologicalknowledgeforlegalpurposesis:
a.bioarchaeology.
b.appliedscience.
c.forensicarchaeology.
d.forensicscience.
9.Whattypesofarchaeologicalknowledgecouldbeusefulforlawenforcementpersonnel?
a.Knowinghowtodistinguishhumanfromanimalbone
b.Knowinghowtoprobethegroundtodeterminethelocationofsubsurfacepits
c.Knowinghowtoreadsoilprofiles,topographicmaps,andsoilreports,aswellasmapsurfaceevidence
d.Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
10.Aforensicarchaeologistmightbeinvolvedin:
a.usingarchaeologicalmethodsandtechniquestohelpsolvecrimes.
b.traininglawenforcementpersonnelinbasicarchaeologicalprinciples.
c.documentinghumanrightsviolationsbyexcavatingmassgravesites.
d.Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
11.DiBlasi’sarchaeologicalresearchinLouisville’sEasternCemetery:
a.documentedabundantgravereuseinthecemeteryandwasimportantintheefforttoprosecutethe
cemetery’soperators.
b.pointedouttheproblemsthatcanariseinKentuckycemeterieswherereuseofgravesisnotillegal.
c.showedthatgravereusebeganonlyinthelate1980s.
d.documentedthatgravereusehadnotoccurred,contrarytoaccusationsbythebackhoeoperator.
12.AtHomeSt.JeaninRwanda,forensicarchaeologistsconcludedthatamassgravesitewaspartofaprogramof
genocidebecause:
a.cutmarksonbonesshowedthatmanyindividualswerekilledbymachetesfrombehind,asiftheywere
fleeingtheirattackers.
b.cutmarksonthebonesofhandsandforearmsshowedthatsomepeoplewereunmercifullymachetedto
deathwiththeirarmsraisedinselfdefense.
c.themurderedcivilianswereunarmed.
d.Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
13.Archaeologicalevidencehasbeenusedtoreintroduceancienttechnologyinareaswhereitmightbeuseful,suchas
inAndeanfarmingcommunities.Resultsoftheseexperimentsindicatethat:
a.ancienttechnologycannotbeeffectivelyemployedbecausethesocial,political,andeconomicsystemsofthe
pastwerecompletelydifferentfromthoseoftoday.
b.ancienttechnologycanbehighlyefficientandcosteffectiveeveninthemodernworld.
c.moderncommunitiesareskepticalofthebenefitsofancienttechnology,andarethusunwillingtoinvest
resourcesinwhattheyconsidertobeoutdatedtechniques.
d.archaeologistsdonotknowenoughancienttechnologiestoeffectivelyimplementtheminthemodernworld.
14.Itisimportantthatarchaeologistsdevoteattentiontopubliceducationbecause:
a.itisultimatelythepublicthatfinanciallysupportsarchaeologicalresearch.
b.membersofaneducatedpublicarefarlesslikelytolootorvandalizearchaeologicalsites.
c.itisultimatelythepublicthatfinanciallysupportsarchaeologicalresearchandmembersofaneducatedpublic
arefarlesslikelytolootorvandalizearchaeologicalsites.
d.Noneoftheanswersarecorrect;itisthearchaeologist’sjobtoconductresearch,notwastevaluabletime
andmoneytalkingtoanuninformedpublic.
15.TheDaughtersoftheRepublicofTexas(DRT),thestate-appointedcustodiansoftheAlamo,foryears
discouragedmission-periodresearchintotheAlamobecause:
a.theybelieveditwouldperpetuateanimositybetweenthecurrentTexanandMexicanpopulations.
b.theybelieveditwoulddetractfromthe“true”historicalsignificanceoftheAlamoasthecradleofTexas
liberty.
c.theydidnotbelievethattheAlamoevenexistedduringmissiontimes,andsodidnotwanttodevotetime
andmoneyintoitsresearch.
d.Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
16.TheBattleoftheAlamoisenshrinedinAmericanfolkloreas:
a.a“holyaltar,”wherethemartyrs’deathsofTexansoldierssuccessfullydelayedMexicanforcesand
ultimatelysetupavictoryforTexas.
b.atragicandpointlessslaughterofAmericansoldiersbytheMexicantroopswhovastlyoutnumberedthem.
c.anunexpectedvictoryforTexansoldiers,whoalthoughtheyweredrasticallyoutnumberedbytheMexican
army,foughtheroicallyandwereabletoovercometheMexicansoldiers.
d.theultimatetriumphofgoodoverevil,whereMexicansoldiers,seeingthejustnessoftheAmericancause,
joinedTexantroopstodefeattheMexicanarmy.
17.Anartificialmoundofstones,deliberatelyconstructedinordertoaidnavigation,asamemorial,ortomarkthe
locationofagraveisa:
a.medicinewheel.
b.trailmarker.
c.cairn.
d.spiritualsite.
18.Wyoming’sBighornMedicineWheelsiteconsistsof:
a.arockartpaneldepictingwhatisthoughttorepresentamedicinewheelalongwithabstractrepresentations
ofbighornsheep.
b.astonecircle,or“wheel,”nearly90feetindiameter,perchedatopa9640foothighpeak.
c.alarge,continuouslyoccupiedpithousevillagealongthebanksoftheBighornRiver.
d.aportionofthenaturallandscapeintheBighornMountainsthatissacredtoNativeAmericantribesinthe
region;thesiteitselfcontainsnothingculturalinorigin(inotherwords,nomaterialremains).
19.ArchaeologicalevidencehasshownthattheBighornMedicineWheelinthepastwasusedas:
a.anastronomicalobservatory.
b.adirectionalaidfortravelers.
c.aburialground;therockcairnsweregraves,eachonemarkingwhereapowerfulpersonwasburied.
d.Noneoftheanswersarecorrect;wedenotknowwhattheMedicineWheelwasinthepast.
20.TheethnohistoricrecordsuggeststhattheBighornMedicineWheelwas:
a.asiteforvisionquests.
b.anastronomicalobservatory.
c.atwo-dimensionalimitationofthe28-rafteredlodgebuiltaspartoftheSunDanceceremony.
d.aburialground.
21.TheBighornMedicineWheeltoday:
a.isofflimitstothegeneralpublic.
b.remainsasacredsitetomanycontemporaryIndianpeople,whereceremoniesareperformedtothisday.
c.hasbeenabandonedbycontemporaryIndianpeoplebecauseitisoverrunbylargecrowdsoftourists.
d.hasbeencompletelylootedanddestroyed;sadly,nothingoftheoriginalsiteremains.
22.WhileprehistorywaslargelyignoredinGermanypriortoHitler’srisetopower,archaeologicalresearchflourished
underHitler’scontrol.Naziarchaeology:
a.providedEuropewithsomeofthebestarchaeologicalresearchthathadeverbeendone,usingcuttingedge
methodsandsoundscientificprinciples.
b.foundevidencethatGermanicpeoplehademanatedfromanorthernEuropeancorearea,carryingwiththem
allthemajorculturalachievementsthatthenspreadtothelesscivilizedpeoplesofEurope.
c.wasusedtosupportclaimsforAryansuperiority,inspiteofthefactthatnosuchevidenceexisted.
d.foundevidenceofAryankingsinlocationsasfarawayasTibetandIceland,thusprovingtheculturaland
biologicalsuperiorityofGermanicpeoples.
23.Naziarchaeologyprovidesanexampleof:
a.theinsightintoprehistorythatcanbegainedwhenasinglegroupappropriatescompletecontroloverthe
past.
b.themisinterpretationandoutrightfabricationofprehistorythatcanoccurwhenasinglegroupappropriates
completecontroloverthepast.
c.howaloveofprehistoryandsoundscientificreasoningcanovercomesocialandpoliticaldomination.
d.howarchaeologycanhelppeoplereestablishprideintheirculture,history,andheritage.
24.Repatriationisseenby:
a.archaeologistsandotherscientistsasatragedythatwillonlyleadtothedestructionofirreplaceablescientific
materials.
b.NativeAmericansassocialjustice;reburialistheonlywaytorightthewrongsinflictedbycenturiesof
colonialism.
c.archaeologistsasanethicaldecision;archaeologistsarenottheonlyoneswhoownthepast.
d.everyoneasanextremelydivisiveissue;thereisnoone“NativeAmericanperspective”orone
“archaeological”perspective.
25.KodiakIslandinthefarnorthistheaboriginalhometo:
a.Hrdlička.
b.RussianOrthodoxChurch.
c.Alutiiq.
d.Kodiakbear.
26.WhenHrdličkaexcavatedseveralhundredgravesandthousandsofassociatedartifactsfromKodiakIslandinthe
1930sandsentthemtotheSmithsonianInstitution:
a.hemadesuretoobtainthepermissionofthelivingdescendantsfirst.
b.hesawnoneedtoconsultwiththelocalcommunity,viewingthebonesandartifactsfromastrictlyscientific
perspective.
c.hewasabletodosowithoutconcernforthewishesofanydescendantsbecausetheislandwasunoccupied
atthetimeofexcavation.
d.hewasmetwithmanyvolunteersfromthelocalcommunitywhowereeagertoassistinhisexcavationsso
thattheycouldlearnmoreabouttheirownhistory.
27.WhichofthefollowingistrueofKodiakIslandarchaeologytoday?
a.TheAlutiiqpeoplerefusetoallowanyarchaeologicalinvestigationsontheisland.
b.TheAlutiiqpeoplehavegrantedpermissionandprovidedresourcesforarchaeologicalinvestigations,and
activelypromoteeducationalprogramsonAlutiiqculture,language,andarts.
c.OnlyAlutiiqpeopleareallowedtoconductarchaeologicalinvestigationsontheisland.
d.Thearchaeologicalrecordoftheislandhasbeenentirelylostduetowinterstormsandvandalism.
28.Themoreimportantroleinarchaeologyinthefuturewillbeto
a.usearcheologicaltechniquestounderstandmoderngarbage.
b.gatherdatanecessarytobringcriminalstojustice.
c.re-excavateancientruinswithbettertechnology.
d.knockdownwallsthatoftendividepeopleoftheworld.
29.Inthefutureitwillbemostimportantforarcheologytoshowthat
a.informationcanbegatheredusingstate-of-the-artdigitaltechnology.
b.howdifferentenvironmentalandhistoricalcircumstancesworktogethertocreatediversityofhuman
societies.
c.racistassumptionshavebasisinmaterialdata.
d.moderngarbageholdsthekeytounderstandingourpast.
30.Archaeologycontributestoourunderstandingofthehumanconditionby
a.whatitlearnsaboutthepast.
b.howitgoesaboutlearningaboutthepast.
c.assumptionsthatareproventobecorrect.
d.whatitlearnsaboutthepastandhowitgoesaboutlearningaboutthepast.
31.Archaeologyisaboutthe
a.livinganddead.
b.pastandfuture.
c.datanecessarytoprovescienceisinfallible.
d.livinganddead,andpastandfuture.
32.DuringWWIIsomeAmericanarcheologistsvolunteeredtheirservicesinthewareffort.
a.Severalcollaboratedon“nationalcharacter”studiesthattriedtocharacterizepeopleswhowereeitherallies
orenemies.
b.RuthBenedictprovidedinformationthatwouldultimatelyprovecriticalforAlliedforcesoccupyingJapan
duringtheprewarperiod.
c.TheHumanTerrainTeamhelpedmilitaryseesituationsfromanindigenousperspective.
d.Theyvolunteeredasservicemenandwomen,notasarchaeologists.
33.Accordingtothetextbook,theGarbageProjecthasstudiedanumberofsocialissues,including
a.alcoholconsumption.
b.cellphonecommunication.
c.underageuseofprescriptiondrugs.
d.guntrafficking.
34.Mostpeoplethinklandfillsarecomprisedof______________,wheninfactthevolumeisgoingdown.
a.plastics
b.appliances
c.paper
d.computers
35.AccordingtothetextbooktheGarbageProjectrecovered
a.aplasticbagwithacompactedcigarettebutts.
b.40-year-oldnewspaperswithhotdogswrappedinthem.
c.80-year-oldconstructiondebris.
d.evidenceofAudubonSocietybirdcounts.
36.Professionalarcheologistshavejoinedinvestigatoryteamsto
a.recoverMIAsinVietnam.
b.excavatemassgravesofmissingpersonsinCentralAmerica.
c.stopillegalslavetrade.
d.recoverMIAsinVietnamandexcavatemassgravesofmissingpersonsinCentralAmerica.
37.CleaKoffearnedherdegreeinanthropologyandjoinedateamofexpertsbroughttogetherby
a.SocietyforPhysiciansandArchaeologists(SPA).
b.CriminalTribunalsInternational.
c.PhysiciansforHumanRights.
d.SocietyforAmericanArchaeology(SAA).
38.AncientartificialchannelsdugalongthePeru-Boliviaborder
a.providedmoistureduringwetseasons.
b.servedasheatsinks.
c.arenotviablealternativesforruraldevelopmenttoday.
d.wasnotcosteffective.
39.BrianHatofftookthepositionwhenexcavatingHiddenCave,outsideFallon,Nevadato
a.dotheworkquietlyinordernottoinvolvespectators.
b.protectthesitefromlootingbynotpublishinghisresults.
c.carryoutapubliceducationcampaigntoencouragecommunityparticipation.
d.closethesitepermanently.
40.Intruth,archaeology________________theramificationsandconflictsinvolvedwhenwetakemultipleversions
ofrealitytotheAmericanpublic.
a.hasgrownwearyof
b.isonlybeginningtoappreciate
c.turnstotheNationalParkServicetoconfront
d.teachesahands-offpolicyregarding
41.Althougharchaeologycanprovideimportantinformationaboutwhathashappenedinthepast,theusefulnessof
archaeologyislimitedtolargelyintellectualpursuits;practicalapplicationsofarchaeologythatactualbenefitthe
modernworldareextremelyrare.
a.True
b.False
42.Becauseitisillegaltorummagethroughpeople’sgarbage,Rathjeandcolleaguesneededtoobtainwritten
permissionfromeveryhouseholdwhosegarbagetheyanalyzed.
a.True
b.False
43.WhenGarbageProjectworkersinvestigatedalcoholconsumptioninasampleofTucsonhouseholds,theyfound
thattheamountofbeerpeoplereporteddrinkingandtheamountofbeerthattheyactuallydrankwerequite
different.
a.True
b.False
44.Forensicarchaeologyinvolvesusingestablishedarchaeologicaltechniquesandknowledgetoassistlaw
enforcementagenciesforlegalpurposes.
a.True
b.False
45.ArchaeologistRichardGould(BrownUniversity)developedavolunteerarchaeologicalunitincludingsafety,
medical,andpublicaffairsexpertsdesignedtohelpatdisasterscenes;thisunitiscalledForensicArchaeology
Recover(FAR).
a.True
b.False
46.Archaeologistsareplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleintheinvestigationofhumanrightsabuses;forinstance,
professionalarchaeologistshavebeeninvolvedinrecoveringMIAsinVietnam,excavatingmassgravesinSouth
andCentralAmerica,andinvestigatingmassacresitesinplacessuchasCroatia,ElSalvador,andRwanda.
a.True
b.False
47.ResearchclearlydemonstratesthattheBighornMedicineWheelinnorthernWyomingwasintentionallydesignedas
anastronomicalobservatory,specificallytomarkthesummerandwintersolstices.
a.True
b.False
48.Archaeologycanbeusedtofurtherthepoliticalinterestsofparticulargroupsofpeople.Naziarchaeologists,for
example,arguedthatagriculture,musicandwritingsystemsfirstappearedinnorthernGermanyandspread
throughouttheworldfromthere;HitlerusedsuchinformationtojustifytheneedforNazidominationoftheworld.
a.True
b.False
49.ThefactthatKodiakIslandnativecommunityleadersgrantedpermissionforarchaeologicalexcavations,aswellas
providedfundingandstudentinternsfortheproject,showedthatAlutiiqpeopledonotobjecttoarchaeology,but
toanarchaeologythatseestheirparticipationasunnecessary.
a.True
b.False
50.Archaeologistshaveanobligationtoconsiderviewsthatdifferfromtheirownequallyvalid;thisincludesfrivolous
claimsmadebyindividualssuchasErickvonDäniken’sclaimsthattheEgyptianpyramidswerebuiltbyaliens.
a.True
b.False
51.Onewayoranother,virtuallyallarchaeologicalresearchdependsonpublicsupport.
a.True
b.False
52.Despitethehighprofile,fewarchaeologistsareinvolvedinpubliceducation.
a.True
b.False
53.Distinguishthedifferencebetweenpurescienceandappliedscience.Whattypesofjobsmightapplied
anthropologistsbeinvolvedin?Whattypesofjobsmightappliedarchaeologistsbeinvolvedin?
54.WhatistheGarbageProject?Whostartedtheprojectandwhen?WhatmythsaboutAmerica’slandfillshasthe
GarbageProjecthelpedtodispel?WhatdidtheGarbageProjectdiscoverabouthowmuchbeerpeoplein
Tucsonsaidtheyconsumedandhowmuchbeertheyactuallyconsumed?
55.Outlinethegoalsofforensicarchaeology.Whattypesofjobsmightforensicarchaeologistsbeinvolvedin?
56.Howcanestablishedarchaeologicaltechniquesassistlawenforcementagenciesinsolvingcrimes?Providean
examplefromthetext.
57.Howcanarchaeologistsplayaroleininvestigatinganddocumentinghumanrightsabuses?Provideanexample
fromthetext.
58.Howcantherediscoveryandreestablishmentofancienttechnologybenefitmodernpopulations?Whatroledo
archaeologistsplayinreintroducingancienttechnologytomoderncommunities?Inwhatsituationsdoes
reintroducedtechnologyseemtoworkbest?Inwhatsituationsisitdifficulttoimplement?
59.Whyispubliceducationimportantforarchaeology?Howcanthepublicbeincorporatedintoarchaeological
research?Whyispubliceducationoftenadifficulttask?
60.WhatistheBighornMedicineWheel?Whenwasitconstructed?Whatdoarchaeologistsbelieveitwasusedfor
inthepast?Whatdoestheethnohistoricrecordsuggestitwasusedfor?Howisitusedtoday?
61.DiscussNaziarchaeology.HowwasNaziarchaeologyusedtoassertthesuperiorityofGermanicpeople?How
doesNaziarchaeologyillustratethedangerofasinglegroupappropriatingcompletecontroloverthepast?
62.HowdoarchaeologistsbalancethedualconcernsofbringingAmericanarchaeologytotheinterestedpublicwhile
stillrespectingthewishesofdescendantpopulations?Provideanexamplefromthetext.
63.DescribethehistoryofarchaeologicalinvestigationsonKodiakIsland,beginningwithHrdličkaexcavations.How
havearchaeologyandtheinvolvementoftheAlutiiqpeoplechangedthroughtime?Whatexplainsthischange?
Whatisthecurrentstateofarchaeologicalresearchontheisland?
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