1.Thedifferencebetweenpurescienceandappliedscienceis:​
a.​purescienceisresearchtoacquiretheknowledgenecessarytosolveaspecific,recognizedproblem,while
appliedscienceissystematicresearchdirectedtowardacquisitionofknowledgeforitsownsake.
b.​purescienceissystematicresearchdirectedtowardacquisitionofknowledgeforitsownsake,whileapplied
scienceisresearchtoacquiretheknowledgenecessarytosolveaspecific,recognizedproblem.
c.​purescienceissystematicresearchdirectedtowardacquisitionofknowledgeforitsownsake,whileapplied
scienceistheapplicationofscientificknowledgeforlegalpurposes.
d.​puresciencehasnohiddenpoliticalagenda,whileappliedsciencedoes.
2.Whichofthefollowingactivitieswouldanappliedanthropologistbeleastlikelytobeinvolvedin?​
a.​Evaluatingdomesticsocialprogramslookingforwaystoimprovethem
b.​Helpingcorporationsimprovecorporateworkingconditions
c.​Conductingresearchtobetterunderstandhowandwhythemajorsocialinstitutionsevolved
d.​Helpingtodevelopculturallyappropriatemethodsofdeliveringhealthcare
3.Appliedarchaeology:​
a.​bringsthetechniquesofarchaeologytonon-traditionalvenues.
b.​appliesourknowledgeofthehumanpasttoconcreteeconomicorsocialproblems.
c.​canmakearchaeologyrelevanttothemodernworld.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
4.TheGarbageProjectwasstartedinTucson,Arizonain1973by:​
a.​EmilHaury.
b.​WilliamRathje.
c.​WilsonHughes.
d.​CleaKoff.
5.AsdemonstratedbytheGarbageProject’sresearchintolandfills,thebulkofAmericanlandfillsarecomprisedof:​
a.​plastic.
b.​paper.
c.​constructionmaterials.
d.​aluminum.
6.WhydidRathjeresorttorootingthroughpeoples’garbageratherthansimplyaskingthemquestionsabouttheir
consumptionbehavior?​
a.​Becausepeopledonotalwaysanswerquestionnairesaccuratelyandhonestly.
b.​Becausethedistributionofhouseholdsmadeitimpossibletoconductarandomsamplesurvey.
c.​Becauseonlygarbageassociatedwithabandonedhousescouldlegallybeexamined,andtherewastherefore
noonetoask.
d.​Becausesomanyhouseholdswereincludedinthestudy,havingpeoplerespondtoquestionnaireswould
havebeenanenormousandcostlytask.
7.TheGarbageProjectdemonstratedwhichofthefollowingaboutAmerica’slandfills?​
a.​Thankstotherecentpublicfocusonrecycling,onlyabout1%ofourlandfills’spaceistakenupbypaper
products.
b.​Disposablediapers,plasticbottles,andlargeappliancestogethermakeuproughly50%ofalandfill’s
volume.
c.​Verylittleinourlandfillsactuallybiodegrades;after20years,from1/3to1/2ofallorganicmaterialsarestill
recognizable.
d.​Organicmaterialtendstobiodegraderapidlyinourlandfills,leavingabundantroomforothertypesof
garbage;contrarytopopularopinion,spaceforlandfillsaroundlargecitiesisinnodangerofrunningout.
8.Theapplicationofarchaeologicalandbioarchaeologicalknowledgeforlegalpurposesis:​
a.​bioarchaeology.
b.​appliedscience.
c.​forensicarchaeology.
d.​forensicscience.
9.Whattypesofarchaeologicalknowledgecouldbeusefulforlawenforcementpersonnel?​
a.​Knowinghowtodistinguishhumanfromanimalbone
b.​Knowinghowtoprobethegroundtodeterminethelocationofsubsurfacepits
c.​Knowinghowtoreadsoilprofiles,topographicmaps,andsoilreports,aswellasmapsurfaceevidence
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
10.Aforensicarchaeologistmightbeinvolvedin:​
a.​usingarchaeologicalmethodsandtechniquestohelpsolvecrimes.
b.​traininglawenforcementpersonnelinbasicarchaeologicalprinciples.
c.​documentinghumanrightsviolationsbyexcavatingmassgravesites.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
11.DiBlasi’sarchaeologicalresearchinLouisville’sEasternCemetery:​
a.​documentedabundantgravereuseinthecemeteryandwasimportantintheefforttoprosecutethe
cemetery’soperators.
b.​pointedouttheproblemsthatcanariseinKentuckycemeterieswherereuseofgravesisnotillegal.
c.​showedthatgravereusebeganonlyinthelate1980s.
d.​documentedthatgravereusehadnotoccurred,contrarytoaccusationsbythebackhoeoperator.
12.AtHomeSt.JeaninRwanda,forensicarchaeologistsconcludedthatamassgravesitewaspartofaprogramof
genocidebecause:​
a.​cutmarksonbonesshowedthatmanyindividualswerekilledbymachetesfrombehind,asiftheywere
fleeingtheirattackers.
b.​cutmarksonthebonesofhandsandforearmsshowedthatsomepeoplewereunmercifullymachetedto
deathwiththeirarmsraisedinselfdefense.
c.​themurderedcivilianswereunarmed.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
13.Archaeologicalevidencehasbeenusedtoreintroduceancienttechnologyinareaswhereitmightbeuseful,suchas
inAndeanfarmingcommunities.Resultsoftheseexperimentsindicatethat:​
a.​ancienttechnologycannotbeeffectivelyemployedbecausethesocial,political,andeconomicsystemsofthe
pastwerecompletelydifferentfromthoseoftoday.
b.​ancienttechnologycanbehighlyefficientandcosteffectiveeveninthemodernworld.
c.​moderncommunitiesareskepticalofthebenefitsofancienttechnology,andarethusunwillingtoinvest
resourcesinwhattheyconsidertobeoutdatedtechniques.
d.​archaeologistsdonotknowenoughancienttechnologiestoeffectivelyimplementtheminthemodernworld.
14.Itisimportantthatarchaeologistsdevoteattentiontopubliceducationbecause:​
a.​itisultimatelythepublicthatfinanciallysupportsarchaeologicalresearch.
b.​membersofaneducatedpublicarefarlesslikelytolootorvandalizearchaeologicalsites.
c.​itisultimatelythepublicthatfinanciallysupportsarchaeologicalresearchandmembersofaneducatedpublic
arefarlesslikelytolootorvandalizearchaeologicalsites.
d.​Noneoftheanswersarecorrect;itisthearchaeologist’sjobtoconductresearch,notwastevaluabletime
andmoneytalkingtoanuninformedpublic.
15.TheDaughtersoftheRepublicofTexas(DRT),thestate-appointedcustodiansoftheAlamo,foryears
discouragedmission-periodresearchintotheAlamobecause:​
a.​theybelieveditwouldperpetuateanimositybetweenthecurrentTexanandMexicanpopulations.
b.​theybelieveditwoulddetractfromthe“true”historicalsignificanceoftheAlamoasthecradleofTexas
liberty.
c.​theydidnotbelievethattheAlamoevenexistedduringmissiontimes,andsodidnotwanttodevotetime
andmoneyintoitsresearch.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
16.TheBattleoftheAlamoisenshrinedinAmericanfolkloreas:​
a.​a“holyaltar,”wherethemartyrs’deathsofTexansoldierssuccessfullydelayedMexicanforcesand
ultimatelysetupavictoryforTexas.
b.​atragicandpointlessslaughterofAmericansoldiersbytheMexicantroopswhovastlyoutnumberedthem.
c.​anunexpectedvictoryforTexansoldiers,whoalthoughtheyweredrasticallyoutnumberedbytheMexican
army,foughtheroicallyandwereabletoovercometheMexicansoldiers.
d.​theultimatetriumphofgoodoverevil,whereMexicansoldiers,seeingthejustnessoftheAmericancause,
joinedTexantroopstodefeattheMexicanarmy.
17.Anartificialmoundofstones,deliberatelyconstructedinordertoaidnavigation,asamemorial,ortomarkthe
locationofagraveisa:​
a.​medicinewheel.
b.​trailmarker.
c.​cairn.
d.​spiritualsite.
18.Wyoming’sBighornMedicineWheelsiteconsistsof:​
a.​arockartpaneldepictingwhatisthoughttorepresentamedicinewheelalongwithabstractrepresentations
ofbighornsheep.
b.​astonecircle,or“wheel,”nearly90feetindiameter,perchedatopa9640foothighpeak.
c.​alarge,continuouslyoccupiedpithousevillagealongthebanksoftheBighornRiver.
d.​aportionofthenaturallandscapeintheBighornMountainsthatissacredtoNativeAmericantribesinthe
region;thesiteitselfcontainsnothingculturalinorigin(inotherwords,nomaterialremains).
19.ArchaeologicalevidencehasshownthattheBighornMedicineWheelinthepastwasusedas:​
a.​anastronomicalobservatory.
b.​adirectionalaidfortravelers.
c.​aburialground;therockcairnsweregraves,eachonemarkingwhereapowerfulpersonwasburied.
d.​Noneoftheanswersarecorrect;wedenotknowwhattheMedicineWheelwasinthepast.
20.TheethnohistoricrecordsuggeststhattheBighornMedicineWheelwas:​
a.​asiteforvisionquests.
b.​anastronomicalobservatory.
c.​atwo-dimensionalimitationofthe28-rafteredlodgebuiltaspartoftheSunDanceceremony.
d.​aburialground.
21.TheBighornMedicineWheeltoday:​
a.​isofflimitstothegeneralpublic.
b.​remainsasacredsitetomanycontemporaryIndianpeople,whereceremoniesareperformedtothisday.
c.​hasbeenabandonedbycontemporaryIndianpeoplebecauseitisoverrunbylargecrowdsoftourists.
d.​hasbeencompletelylootedanddestroyed;sadly,nothingoftheoriginalsiteremains.
22.WhileprehistorywaslargelyignoredinGermanypriortoHitler’srisetopower,archaeologicalresearchflourished
underHitler’scontrol.Naziarchaeology:​
a.​providedEuropewithsomeofthebestarchaeologicalresearchthathadeverbeendone,usingcuttingedge
methodsandsoundscientificprinciples.
b.​foundevidencethatGermanicpeoplehademanatedfromanorthernEuropeancorearea,carryingwiththem
allthemajorculturalachievementsthatthenspreadtothelesscivilizedpeoplesofEurope.
c.​wasusedtosupportclaimsforAryansuperiority,inspiteofthefactthatnosuchevidenceexisted.
d.​foundevidenceofAryankingsinlocationsasfarawayasTibetandIceland,thusprovingtheculturaland
biologicalsuperiorityofGermanicpeoples.
23.Naziarchaeologyprovidesanexampleof:​
a.​theinsightintoprehistorythatcanbegainedwhenasinglegroupappropriatescompletecontroloverthe
past.
b.​themisinterpretationandoutrightfabricationofprehistorythatcanoccurwhenasinglegroupappropriates
completecontroloverthepast.
c.​howaloveofprehistoryandsoundscientificreasoningcanovercomesocialandpoliticaldomination.
d.​howarchaeologycanhelppeoplereestablishprideintheirculture,history,andheritage.
24.Repatriationisseenby:​
a.​archaeologistsandotherscientistsasatragedythatwillonlyleadtothedestructionofirreplaceablescientific
materials.
b.​NativeAmericansassocialjustice;reburialistheonlywaytorightthewrongsinflictedbycenturiesof
colonialism.
c.​archaeologistsasanethicaldecision;archaeologistsarenottheonlyoneswhoownthepast.
d.​everyoneasanextremelydivisiveissue;thereisnoone“NativeAmericanperspective”orone
“archaeological”perspective.
25.KodiakIslandinthefarnorthistheaboriginalhometo:​
a.​Hrdlička.
b.​RussianOrthodoxChurch.
c.​Alutiiq.
d.​Kodiakbear.
26.WhenHrdličkaexcavatedseveralhundredgravesandthousandsofassociatedartifactsfromKodiakIslandinthe
1930sandsentthemtotheSmithsonianInstitution:​
a.​hemadesuretoobtainthepermissionofthelivingdescendantsfirst.
b.​hesawnoneedtoconsultwiththelocalcommunity,viewingthebonesandartifactsfromastrictlyscientific
perspective.
c.​hewasabletodosowithoutconcernforthewishesofanydescendantsbecausetheislandwasunoccupied
atthetimeofexcavation.
d.​hewasmetwithmanyvolunteersfromthelocalcommunitywhowereeagertoassistinhisexcavationsso
thattheycouldlearnmoreabouttheirownhistory.
27.WhichofthefollowingistrueofKodiakIslandarchaeologytoday?​
a.​TheAlutiiqpeoplerefusetoallowanyarchaeologicalinvestigationsontheisland.
b.​TheAlutiiqpeoplehavegrantedpermissionandprovidedresourcesforarchaeologicalinvestigations,and
activelypromoteeducationalprogramsonAlutiiqculture,language,andarts.
c.​OnlyAlutiiqpeopleareallowedtoconductarchaeologicalinvestigationsontheisland.
d.​Thearchaeologicalrecordoftheislandhasbeenentirelylostduetowinterstormsandvandalism.
28.Themoreimportantroleinarchaeologyinthefuturewillbeto​
a.​usearcheologicaltechniquestounderstandmoderngarbage.
b.​gatherdatanecessarytobringcriminalstojustice.
c.​re-excavateancientruinswithbettertechnology.
d.​knockdownwallsthatoftendividepeopleoftheworld.
29.Inthefutureitwillbemostimportantforarcheologytoshowthat​
a.​informationcanbegatheredusingstate-of-the-artdigitaltechnology.
b.​howdifferentenvironmentalandhistoricalcircumstancesworktogethertocreatediversityofhuman
societies.
c.​racistassumptionshavebasisinmaterialdata.
d.​moderngarbageholdsthekeytounderstandingourpast.
30.Archaeologycontributestoourunderstandingofthehumanconditionby​
a.​whatitlearnsaboutthepast.
b.​howitgoesaboutlearningaboutthepast.
c.​assumptionsthatareproventobecorrect.
d.​whatitlearnsaboutthepastandhowitgoesaboutlearningaboutthepast.
31.Archaeologyisaboutthe​
a.​livinganddead.
b.​pastandfuture.
c.​datanecessarytoprovescienceisinfallible.
d.​livinganddead,andpastandfuture.
32.DuringWWIIsomeAmericanarcheologistsvolunteeredtheirservicesinthewareffort.​
a.​Severalcollaboratedon“nationalcharacter”studiesthattriedtocharacterizepeopleswhowereeitherallies
orenemies.
b.​RuthBenedictprovidedinformationthatwouldultimatelyprovecriticalforAlliedforcesoccupyingJapan
duringtheprewarperiod.
c.​TheHumanTerrainTeamhelpedmilitaryseesituationsfromanindigenousperspective.
d.​Theyvolunteeredasservicemenandwomen,notasarchaeologists.
33.Accordingtothetextbook,theGarbageProjecthasstudiedanumberofsocialissues,including​
a.​alcoholconsumption.
b.​cellphonecommunication.
c.​underageuseofprescriptiondrugs.
d.​guntrafficking.
34.Mostpeoplethinklandfillsarecomprisedof______________,wheninfactthevolumeisgoingdown.​
a.​plastics
b.appliances
c.​paper
d.​computers
35.AccordingtothetextbooktheGarbageProjectrecovered​
a.​aplasticbagwithacompactedcigarettebutts.
b.​40-year-oldnewspaperswithhotdogswrappedinthem.
c.​80-year-oldconstructiondebris.
d.​evidenceofAudubonSocietybirdcounts.
36.Professionalarcheologistshavejoinedinvestigatoryteamsto​
a.​recoverMIAsinVietnam.
b.​excavatemassgravesofmissingpersonsinCentralAmerica.
c.​stopillegalslavetrade.
d.​recoverMIAsinVietnamandexcavatemassgravesofmissingpersonsinCentralAmerica.
37.CleaKoffearnedherdegreeinanthropologyandjoinedateamofexpertsbroughttogetherby​
a.​SocietyforPhysiciansandArchaeologists(SPA).
b.​CriminalTribunalsInternational.
c.​PhysiciansforHumanRights.
d.​SocietyforAmericanArchaeology(SAA).
38.AncientartificialchannelsdugalongthePeru-Boliviaborder​
a.​providedmoistureduringwetseasons.
b.​servedasheatsinks.
c.​arenotviablealternativesforruraldevelopmenttoday.
d.​wasnotcosteffective.
39.BrianHatofftookthepositionwhenexcavatingHiddenCave,outsideFallon,Nevadato​
a.​dotheworkquietlyinordernottoinvolvespectators.
b.​protectthesitefromlootingbynotpublishinghisresults.
c.​carryoutapubliceducationcampaigntoencouragecommunityparticipation.
d.​closethesitepermanently.
40.Intruth,archaeology________________theramificationsandconflictsinvolvedwhenwetakemultipleversions
ofrealitytotheAmericanpublic.​
a.​hasgrownwearyof
b.​isonlybeginningtoappreciate
c.​turnstotheNationalParkServicetoconfront
d.​teachesahands-offpolicyregarding
41.Althougharchaeologycanprovideimportantinformationaboutwhathashappenedinthepast,theusefulnessof
archaeologyislimitedtolargelyintellectualpursuits;practicalapplicationsofarchaeologythatactualbenefitthe
modernworldareextremelyrare.​
a.True
b.False
42.Becauseitisillegaltorummagethroughpeople’sgarbage,Rathjeandcolleaguesneededtoobtainwritten
permissionfromeveryhouseholdwhosegarbagetheyanalyzed.​
a.True
b.False
43.WhenGarbageProjectworkersinvestigatedalcoholconsumptioninasampleofTucsonhouseholds,theyfound
thattheamountofbeerpeoplereporteddrinkingandtheamountofbeerthattheyactuallydrankwerequite
different.​
a.True
b.False
44.Forensicarchaeologyinvolvesusingestablishedarchaeologicaltechniquesandknowledgetoassistlaw
enforcementagenciesforlegalpurposes.​
a.True
b.False
45.ArchaeologistRichardGould(BrownUniversity)developedavolunteerarchaeologicalunitincludingsafety,
medical,andpublicaffairsexpertsdesignedtohelpatdisasterscenes;thisunitiscalledForensicArchaeology
Recover(FAR).​
a.True
b.False
46.Archaeologistsareplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleintheinvestigationofhumanrightsabuses;forinstance,
professionalarchaeologistshavebeeninvolvedinrecoveringMIAsinVietnam,excavatingmassgravesinSouth
andCentralAmerica,andinvestigatingmassacresitesinplacessuchasCroatia,ElSalvador,andRwanda.​
a.True
b.False
47.ResearchclearlydemonstratesthattheBighornMedicineWheelinnorthernWyomingwasintentionallydesignedas
anastronomicalobservatory,specificallytomarkthesummerandwintersolstices.​
a.True
b.False
48.Archaeologycanbeusedtofurtherthepoliticalinterestsofparticulargroupsofpeople.Naziarchaeologists,for
example,arguedthatagriculture,musicandwritingsystemsfirstappearedinnorthernGermanyandspread
throughouttheworldfromthere;HitlerusedsuchinformationtojustifytheneedforNazidominationoftheworld.​
a.True
b.False
49.ThefactthatKodiakIslandnativecommunityleadersgrantedpermissionforarchaeologicalexcavations,aswellas
providedfundingandstudentinternsfortheproject,showedthatAlutiiqpeopledonotobjecttoarchaeology,but
toanarchaeologythatseestheirparticipationasunnecessary.​
a.True
b.False
50.Archaeologistshaveanobligationtoconsiderviewsthatdifferfromtheirownequallyvalid;thisincludesfrivolous
claimsmadebyindividualssuchasErickvonDäniken’sclaimsthattheEgyptianpyramidswerebuiltbyaliens.​
a.True
b.False
51.Onewayoranother,virtuallyallarchaeologicalresearchdependsonpublicsupport.​
a.True
b.False
52.Despitethehighprofile,fewarchaeologistsareinvolvedinpubliceducation.​
a.True
b.False
53.Distinguishthedifferencebetweenpurescienceandappliedscience.Whattypesofjobsmightapplied
anthropologistsbeinvolvedin?Whattypesofjobsmightappliedarchaeologistsbeinvolvedin?​
54.WhatistheGarbageProject?Whostartedtheprojectandwhen?WhatmythsaboutAmerica’slandfillshasthe
GarbageProjecthelpedtodispel?WhatdidtheGarbageProjectdiscoverabouthowmuchbeerpeoplein
Tucsonsaidtheyconsumedandhowmuchbeertheyactuallyconsumed?​
55.Outlinethegoalsofforensicarchaeology.Whattypesofjobsmightforensicarchaeologistsbeinvolvedin?​
56.Howcanestablishedarchaeologicaltechniquesassistlawenforcementagenciesinsolvingcrimes?Providean
examplefromthetext.
57.Howcanarchaeologistsplayaroleininvestigatinganddocumentinghumanrightsabuses?Provideanexample
fromthetext.​
58.Howcantherediscoveryandreestablishmentofancienttechnologybenefitmodernpopulations?Whatroledo
archaeologistsplayinreintroducingancienttechnologytomoderncommunities?Inwhatsituationsdoes
reintroducedtechnologyseemtoworkbest?Inwhatsituationsisitdifficulttoimplement?​
59.Whyispubliceducationimportantforarchaeology?Howcanthepublicbeincorporatedintoarchaeological
research?Whyispubliceducationoftenadifficulttask?​
60.WhatistheBighornMedicineWheel?Whenwasitconstructed?Whatdoarchaeologistsbelieveitwasusedfor
inthepast?Whatdoestheethnohistoricrecordsuggestitwasusedfor?Howisitusedtoday?​
61.DiscussNaziarchaeology.HowwasNaziarchaeologyusedtoassertthesuperiorityofGermanicpeople?How
doesNaziarchaeologyillustratethedangerofasinglegroupappropriatingcompletecontroloverthepast?​
62.HowdoarchaeologistsbalancethedualconcernsofbringingAmericanarchaeologytotheinterestedpublicwhile
stillrespectingthewishesofdescendantpopulations?Provideanexamplefromthetext.​
63.DescribethehistoryofarchaeologicalinvestigationsonKodiakIsland,beginningwithHrdličkaexcavations.How
havearchaeologyandtheinvolvementoftheAlutiiqpeoplechangedthroughtime?Whatexplainsthischange?
Whatisthecurrentstateofarchaeologicalresearchontheisland?​