Chapter 16 Because Only Garbage Associated With Abandoned Houses

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subject Pages 12
subject Words 1826
subject Authors David Hurst Thomas, Robert L. Kelly

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1.Thedifferencebetweenpurescienceandappliedscienceis:
a.purescienceisresearchtoacquiretheknowledgenecessarytosolveaspecific,recognizedproblem,while
appliedscienceissystematicresearchdirectedtowardacquisitionofknowledgeforitsownsake.
b.​purescienceissystematicresearchdirectedtowardacquisitionofknowledgeforitsownsake,whileapplied
scienceisresearchtoacquiretheknowledgenecessarytosolveaspecific,recognizedproblem.
c.purescienceissystematicresearchdirectedtowardacquisitionofknowledgeforitsownsake,whileapplied
scienceistheapplicationofscientificknowledgeforlegalpurposes.
d.​puresciencehasnohiddenpoliticalagenda,whileappliedsciencedoes.
2.Whichofthefollowingactivitieswouldanappliedanthropologistbeleastlikelytobeinvolvedin?
a.Evaluatingdomesticsocialprogramslookingforwaystoimprovethem
b.​Helpingcorporationsimprovecorporateworkingconditions
c.Conductingresearchtobetterunderstandhowandwhythemajorsocialinstitutionsevolved
d.​Helpingtodevelopculturallyappropriatemethodsofdeliveringhealthcare
3.Appliedarchaeology:
a.bringsthetechniquesofarchaeologytonon-traditionalvenues.
b.​appliesourknowledgeofthehumanpasttoconcreteeconomicorsocialproblems.
c.canmakearchaeologyrelevanttothemodernworld.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
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4.TheGarbageProjectwasstartedinTucson,Arizonain1973by:
a.EmilHaury.
b.​WilliamRathje.
c.WilsonHughes.
d.​CleaKoff.
5.AsdemonstratedbytheGarbageProject’sresearchintolandfills,thebulkofAmericanlandfillsarecomprisedof:
a.plastic.
b.​paper.
c.constructionmaterials.
d.​aluminum.
6.WhydidRathjeresorttorootingthroughpeoples’garbageratherthansimplyaskingthemquestionsabouttheir
consumptionbehavior?
a.Becausepeopledonotalwaysanswerquestionnairesaccuratelyandhonestly.
b.​Becausethedistributionofhouseholdsmadeitimpossibletoconductarandomsamplesurvey.
c.Becauseonlygarbageassociatedwithabandonedhousescouldlegallybeexamined,andtherewastherefore
noonetoask.
d.​Becausesomanyhouseholdswereincludedinthestudy,havingpeoplerespondtoquestionnaireswould
havebeenanenormousandcostlytask.
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7.TheGarbageProjectdemonstratedwhichofthefollowingaboutAmerica’slandfills?
a.Thankstotherecentpublicfocusonrecycling,onlyabout1%ofourlandfills’spaceistakenupbypaper
products.
b.​Disposablediapers,plasticbottles,andlargeappliancestogethermakeuproughly50%ofalandfill’s
volume.
c.Verylittleinourlandfillsactuallybiodegrades;after20years,from1/3to1/2ofallorganicmaterialsarestill
recognizable.
d.​Organicmaterialtendstobiodegraderapidlyinourlandfills,leavingabundantroomforothertypesof
garbage;contrarytopopularopinion,spaceforlandfillsaroundlargecitiesisinnodangerofrunningout.
8.Theapplicationofarchaeologicalandbioarchaeologicalknowledgeforlegalpurposesis:
a.bioarchaeology.
b.​appliedscience.
c.forensicarchaeology.
d.​forensicscience.
9.Whattypesofarchaeologicalknowledgecouldbeusefulforlawenforcementpersonnel?
a.Knowinghowtodistinguishhumanfromanimalbone
b.​Knowinghowtoprobethegroundtodeterminethelocationofsubsurfacepits
c.Knowinghowtoreadsoilprofiles,topographicmaps,andsoilreports,aswellasmapsurfaceevidence
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
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10.Aforensicarchaeologistmightbeinvolvedin:
a.usingarchaeologicalmethodsandtechniquestohelpsolvecrimes.
b.​traininglawenforcementpersonnelinbasicarchaeologicalprinciples.
c.documentinghumanrightsviolationsbyexcavatingmassgravesites.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
11.DiBlasi’sarchaeologicalresearchinLouisville’sEasternCemetery:
a.documentedabundantgravereuseinthecemeteryandwasimportantintheefforttoprosecutethe
cemetery’soperators.
b.​pointedouttheproblemsthatcanariseinKentuckycemeterieswherereuseofgravesisnotillegal.
c.showedthatgravereusebeganonlyinthelate1980s.
d.​documentedthatgravereusehadnotoccurred,contrarytoaccusationsbythebackhoeoperator.
12.AtHomeSt.JeaninRwanda,forensicarchaeologistsconcludedthatamassgravesitewaspartofaprogramof
genocidebecause:
a.cutmarksonbonesshowedthatmanyindividualswerekilledbymachetesfrombehind,asiftheywere
fleeingtheirattackers.
b.​cutmarksonthebonesofhandsandforearmsshowedthatsomepeoplewereunmercifullymachetedto
deathwiththeirarmsraisedinselfdefense.
c.themurderedcivilianswereunarmed.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
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13.Archaeologicalevidencehasbeenusedtoreintroduceancienttechnologyinareaswhereitmightbeuseful,suchas
inAndeanfarmingcommunities.Resultsoftheseexperimentsindicatethat:
a.ancienttechnologycannotbeeffectivelyemployedbecausethesocial,political,andeconomicsystemsofthe
pastwerecompletelydifferentfromthoseoftoday.
b.​ancienttechnologycanbehighlyefficientandcosteffectiveeveninthemodernworld.
c.moderncommunitiesareskepticalofthebenefitsofancienttechnology,andarethusunwillingtoinvest
resourcesinwhattheyconsidertobeoutdatedtechniques.
d.​archaeologistsdonotknowenoughancienttechnologiestoeffectivelyimplementtheminthemodernworld.
14.Itisimportantthatarchaeologistsdevoteattentiontopubliceducationbecause:
a.itisultimatelythepublicthatfinanciallysupportsarchaeologicalresearch.
b.​membersofaneducatedpublicarefarlesslikelytolootorvandalizearchaeologicalsites.
c.itisultimatelythepublicthatfinanciallysupportsarchaeologicalresearchandmembersofaneducatedpublic
arefarlesslikelytolootorvandalizearchaeologicalsites.
d.​Noneoftheanswersarecorrect;itisthearchaeologist’sjobtoconductresearch,notwastevaluabletime
andmoneytalkingtoanuninformedpublic.
15.TheDaughtersoftheRepublicofTexas(DRT),thestate-appointedcustodiansoftheAlamo,foryears
discouragedmission-periodresearchintotheAlamobecause:
a.theybelieveditwouldperpetuateanimositybetweenthecurrentTexanandMexicanpopulations.
b.​theybelieveditwoulddetractfromthe“true”historicalsignificanceoftheAlamoasthecradleofTexas
liberty.
c.theydidnotbelievethattheAlamoevenexistedduringmissiontimes,andsodidnotwanttodevotetime
andmoneyintoitsresearch.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
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16.TheBattleoftheAlamoisenshrinedinAmericanfolkloreas:
a.a“holyaltar,”wherethemartyrs’deathsofTexansoldierssuccessfullydelayedMexicanforcesand
ultimatelysetupavictoryforTexas.
b.​atragicandpointlessslaughterofAmericansoldiersbytheMexicantroopswhovastlyoutnumberedthem.
c.anunexpectedvictoryforTexansoldiers,whoalthoughtheyweredrasticallyoutnumberedbytheMexican
army,foughtheroicallyandwereabletoovercometheMexicansoldiers.
d.​theultimatetriumphofgoodoverevil,whereMexicansoldiers,seeingthejustnessoftheAmericancause,
joinedTexantroopstodefeattheMexicanarmy.
17.Anartificialmoundofstones,deliberatelyconstructedinordertoaidnavigation,asamemorial,ortomarkthe
locationofagraveisa:
a.medicinewheel.
b.​trailmarker.
c.cairn.
d.​spiritualsite.
18.Wyoming’sBighornMedicineWheelsiteconsistsof:
a.arockartpaneldepictingwhatisthoughttorepresentamedicinewheelalongwithabstractrepresentations
ofbighornsheep.
b.​astonecircle,or“wheel,”nearly90feetindiameter,perchedatopa9640foothighpeak.
c.alarge,continuouslyoccupiedpithousevillagealongthebanksoftheBighornRiver.
d.​aportionofthenaturallandscapeintheBighornMountainsthatissacredtoNativeAmericantribesinthe
region;thesiteitselfcontainsnothingculturalinorigin(inotherwords,nomaterialremains).
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19.ArchaeologicalevidencehasshownthattheBighornMedicineWheelinthepastwasusedas:
a.anastronomicalobservatory.
b.​adirectionalaidfortravelers.
c.aburialground;therockcairnsweregraves,eachonemarkingwhereapowerfulpersonwasburied.
d.​Noneoftheanswersarecorrect;wedenotknowwhattheMedicineWheelwasinthepast.
20.TheethnohistoricrecordsuggeststhattheBighornMedicineWheelwas:
a.asiteforvisionquests.
b.​anastronomicalobservatory.
c.atwo-dimensionalimitationofthe28-rafteredlodgebuiltaspartoftheSunDanceceremony.
d.​aburialground.
21.TheBighornMedicineWheeltoday:
a.isofflimitstothegeneralpublic.
b.​remainsasacredsitetomanycontemporaryIndianpeople,whereceremoniesareperformedtothisday.
c.hasbeenabandonedbycontemporaryIndianpeoplebecauseitisoverrunbylargecrowdsoftourists.
d.​hasbeencompletelylootedanddestroyed;sadly,nothingoftheoriginalsiteremains.
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22.WhileprehistorywaslargelyignoredinGermanypriortoHitler’srisetopower,archaeologicalresearchflourished
underHitler’scontrol.Naziarchaeology:
a.providedEuropewithsomeofthebestarchaeologicalresearchthathadeverbeendone,usingcuttingedge
methodsandsoundscientificprinciples.
b.​foundevidencethatGermanicpeoplehademanatedfromanorthernEuropeancorearea,carryingwiththem
allthemajorculturalachievementsthatthenspreadtothelesscivilizedpeoplesofEurope.
c.wasusedtosupportclaimsforAryansuperiority,inspiteofthefactthatnosuchevidenceexisted.
d.​foundevidenceofAryankingsinlocationsasfarawayasTibetandIceland,thusprovingtheculturaland
biologicalsuperiorityofGermanicpeoples.
23.Naziarchaeologyprovidesanexampleof:
a.theinsightintoprehistorythatcanbegainedwhenasinglegroupappropriatescompletecontroloverthe
past.
b.​themisinterpretationandoutrightfabricationofprehistorythatcanoccurwhenasinglegroupappropriates
completecontroloverthepast.
c.howaloveofprehistoryandsoundscientificreasoningcanovercomesocialandpoliticaldomination.
d.​howarchaeologycanhelppeoplereestablishprideintheirculture,history,andheritage.
24.Repatriationisseenby:
a.archaeologistsandotherscientistsasatragedythatwillonlyleadtothedestructionofirreplaceablescientific
materials.
b.​NativeAmericansassocialjustice;reburialistheonlywaytorightthewrongsinflictedbycenturiesof
colonialism.
c.archaeologistsasanethicaldecision;archaeologistsarenottheonlyoneswhoownthepast.
d.​everyoneasanextremelydivisiveissue;thereisnoone“NativeAmericanperspective”orone
“archaeological”perspective.
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25.KodiakIslandinthefarnorthistheaboriginalhometo:
a.Hrdlička.
b.​RussianOrthodoxChurch.
c.Alutiiq.
d.​Kodiakbear.
26.WhenHrdličkaexcavatedseveralhundredgravesandthousandsofassociatedartifactsfromKodiakIslandinthe
1930sandsentthemtotheSmithsonianInstitution:
a.hemadesuretoobtainthepermissionofthelivingdescendantsfirst.
b.​hesawnoneedtoconsultwiththelocalcommunity,viewingthebonesandartifactsfromastrictlyscientific
perspective.
c.hewasabletodosowithoutconcernforthewishesofanydescendantsbecausetheislandwasunoccupied
atthetimeofexcavation.
d.​hewasmetwithmanyvolunteersfromthelocalcommunitywhowereeagertoassistinhisexcavationsso
thattheycouldlearnmoreabouttheirownhistory.
27.WhichofthefollowingistrueofKodiakIslandarchaeologytoday?
a.TheAlutiiqpeoplerefusetoallowanyarchaeologicalinvestigationsontheisland.
b.​TheAlutiiqpeoplehavegrantedpermissionandprovidedresourcesforarchaeologicalinvestigations,and
activelypromoteeducationalprogramsonAlutiiqculture,language,andarts.
c.OnlyAlutiiqpeopleareallowedtoconductarchaeologicalinvestigationsontheisland.
d.​Thearchaeologicalrecordoftheislandhasbeenentirelylostduetowinterstormsandvandalism.
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28.Themoreimportantroleinarchaeologyinthefuturewillbeto
a.usearcheologicaltechniquestounderstandmoderngarbage.
b.​gatherdatanecessarytobringcriminalstojustice.
c.re-excavateancientruinswithbettertechnology.
d.​knockdownwallsthatoftendividepeopleoftheworld.
29.Inthefutureitwillbemostimportantforarcheologytoshowthat
a.informationcanbegatheredusingstate-of-the-artdigitaltechnology.
b.​howdifferentenvironmentalandhistoricalcircumstancesworktogethertocreatediversityofhuman
societies.
c.racistassumptionshavebasisinmaterialdata.
d.​moderngarbageholdsthekeytounderstandingourpast.
30.Archaeologycontributestoourunderstandingofthehumanconditionby
a.whatitlearnsaboutthepast.
b.​howitgoesaboutlearningaboutthepast.
c.assumptionsthatareproventobecorrect.
d.​whatitlearnsaboutthepastandhowitgoesaboutlearningaboutthepast.
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31.Archaeologyisaboutthe
a.livinganddead.
b.​pastandfuture.
c.datanecessarytoprovescienceisinfallible.
d.​livinganddead,andpastandfuture.
32.DuringWWIIsomeAmericanarcheologistsvolunteeredtheirservicesinthewareffort.
a.Severalcollaboratedon“nationalcharacter”studiesthattriedtocharacterizepeopleswhowereeitherallies
orenemies.
b.​RuthBenedictprovidedinformationthatwouldultimatelyprovecriticalforAlliedforcesoccupyingJapan
duringtheprewarperiod.
c.TheHumanTerrainTeamhelpedmilitaryseesituationsfromanindigenousperspective.
d.​Theyvolunteeredasservicemenandwomen,notasarchaeologists.
33.Accordingtothetextbook,theGarbageProjecthasstudiedanumberofsocialissues,including
a.alcoholconsumption.
b.​cellphonecommunication.
c.underageuseofprescriptiondrugs.
d.​guntrafficking.
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34.Mostpeoplethinklandfillsarecomprisedof______________,wheninfactthevolumeisgoingdown.
a.plastics
b.appliances
c.paper
d.​computers
35.AccordingtothetextbooktheGarbageProjectrecovered
a.aplasticbagwithacompactedcigarettebutts.
b.​40-year-oldnewspaperswithhotdogswrappedinthem.
c.80-year-oldconstructiondebris.
d.​evidenceofAudubonSocietybirdcounts.
36.Professionalarcheologistshavejoinedinvestigatoryteamsto
a.recoverMIAsinVietnam.
b.​excavatemassgravesofmissingpersonsinCentralAmerica.
c.stopillegalslavetrade.
d.​recoverMIAsinVietnamandexcavatemassgravesofmissingpersonsinCentralAmerica.
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37.CleaKoffearnedherdegreeinanthropologyandjoinedateamofexpertsbroughttogetherby
a.SocietyforPhysiciansandArchaeologists(SPA).
b.​CriminalTribunalsInternational.
c.PhysiciansforHumanRights.
d.​SocietyforAmericanArchaeology(SAA).
38.AncientartificialchannelsdugalongthePeru-Boliviaborder
a.providedmoistureduringwetseasons.
b.​servedasheatsinks.
c.arenotviablealternativesforruraldevelopmenttoday.
d.​wasnotcosteffective.
39.BrianHatofftookthepositionwhenexcavatingHiddenCave,outsideFallon,Nevadato
a.dotheworkquietlyinordernottoinvolvespectators.
b.​protectthesitefromlootingbynotpublishinghisresults.
c.carryoutapubliceducationcampaigntoencouragecommunityparticipation.
d.​closethesitepermanently.
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40.Intruth,archaeology________________theramificationsandconflictsinvolvedwhenwetakemultipleversions
ofrealitytotheAmericanpublic.
a.hasgrownwearyof
b.​isonlybeginningtoappreciate
c.turnstotheNationalParkServicetoconfront
d.​teachesahands-offpolicyregarding
41.Althougharchaeologycanprovideimportantinformationaboutwhathashappenedinthepast,theusefulnessof
archaeologyislimitedtolargelyintellectualpursuits;practicalapplicationsofarchaeologythatactualbenefitthe
modernworldareextremelyrare.
a.True
b.False
42.Becauseitisillegaltorummagethroughpeople’sgarbage,Rathjeandcolleaguesneededtoobtainwritten
permissionfromeveryhouseholdwhosegarbagetheyanalyzed.
a.True
b.False
43.WhenGarbageProjectworkersinvestigatedalcoholconsumptioninasampleofTucsonhouseholds,theyfound
thattheamountofbeerpeoplereporteddrinkingandtheamountofbeerthattheyactuallydrankwerequite
different.
a.True
b.False
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44.Forensicarchaeologyinvolvesusingestablishedarchaeologicaltechniquesandknowledgetoassistlaw
enforcementagenciesforlegalpurposes.
a.True
b.False
45.ArchaeologistRichardGould(BrownUniversity)developedavolunteerarchaeologicalunitincludingsafety,
medical,andpublicaffairsexpertsdesignedtohelpatdisasterscenes;thisunitiscalledForensicArchaeology
Recover(FAR).
a.True
b.False
46.Archaeologistsareplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleintheinvestigationofhumanrightsabuses;forinstance,
professionalarchaeologistshavebeeninvolvedinrecoveringMIAsinVietnam,excavatingmassgravesinSouth
andCentralAmerica,andinvestigatingmassacresitesinplacessuchasCroatia,ElSalvador,andRwanda.
a.True
b.False
47.ResearchclearlydemonstratesthattheBighornMedicineWheelinnorthernWyomingwasintentionallydesignedas
anastronomicalobservatory,specificallytomarkthesummerandwintersolstices.
a.True
b.False
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48.Archaeologycanbeusedtofurtherthepoliticalinterestsofparticulargroupsofpeople.Naziarchaeologists,for
example,arguedthatagriculture,musicandwritingsystemsfirstappearedinnorthernGermanyandspread
throughouttheworldfromthere;HitlerusedsuchinformationtojustifytheneedforNazidominationoftheworld.
a.True
b.False
49.ThefactthatKodiakIslandnativecommunityleadersgrantedpermissionforarchaeologicalexcavations,aswellas
providedfundingandstudentinternsfortheproject,showedthatAlutiiqpeopledonotobjecttoarchaeology,but
toanarchaeologythatseestheirparticipationasunnecessary.
a.True
b.False
50.Archaeologistshaveanobligationtoconsiderviewsthatdifferfromtheirownequallyvalid;thisincludesfrivolous
claimsmadebyindividualssuchasErickvonDäniken’sclaimsthattheEgyptianpyramidswerebuiltbyaliens.
a.True
b.False
51.Onewayoranother,virtuallyallarchaeologicalresearchdependsonpublicsupport.
a.True
b.False
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52.Despitethehighprofile,fewarchaeologistsareinvolvedinpubliceducation.
a.True
b.False
53.Distinguishthedifferencebetweenpurescienceandappliedscience.Whattypesofjobsmightapplied
anthropologistsbeinvolvedin?Whattypesofjobsmightappliedarchaeologistsbeinvolvedin?
54.WhatistheGarbageProject?Whostartedtheprojectandwhen?WhatmythsaboutAmerica’slandfillshasthe
GarbageProjecthelpedtodispel?WhatdidtheGarbageProjectdiscoverabouthowmuchbeerpeoplein
Tucsonsaidtheyconsumedandhowmuchbeertheyactuallyconsumed?
55.Outlinethegoalsofforensicarchaeology.Whattypesofjobsmightforensicarchaeologistsbeinvolvedin?
56.Howcanestablishedarchaeologicaltechniquesassistlawenforcementagenciesinsolvingcrimes?Providean
examplefromthetext.
57.Howcanarchaeologistsplayaroleininvestigatinganddocumentinghumanrightsabuses?Provideanexample
fromthetext.
58.Howcantherediscoveryandreestablishmentofancienttechnologybenefitmodernpopulations?Whatroledo
archaeologistsplayinreintroducingancienttechnologytomoderncommunities?Inwhatsituationsdoes
reintroducedtechnologyseemtoworkbest?Inwhatsituationsisitdifficulttoimplement?
59.Whyispubliceducationimportantforarchaeology?Howcanthepublicbeincorporatedintoarchaeological
research?Whyispubliceducationoftenadifficulttask?
60.WhatistheBighornMedicineWheel?Whenwasitconstructed?Whatdoarchaeologistsbelieveitwasusedfor
inthepast?Whatdoestheethnohistoricrecordsuggestitwasusedfor?Howisitusedtoday?
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61.DiscussNaziarchaeology.HowwasNaziarchaeologyusedtoassertthesuperiorityofGermanicpeople?How
doesNaziarchaeologyillustratethedangerofasinglegroupappropriatingcompletecontroloverthepast?
62.HowdoarchaeologistsbalancethedualconcernsofbringingAmericanarchaeologytotheinterestedpublicwhile
stillrespectingthewishesofdescendantpopulations?Provideanexamplefromthetext.
63.DescribethehistoryofarchaeologicalinvestigationsonKodiakIsland,beginningwithHrdličkaexcavations.How
havearchaeologyandtheinvolvementoftheAlutiiqpeoplechangedthroughtime?Whatexplainsthischange?
Whatisthecurrentstateofarchaeologicalresearchontheisland?

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