1. In 1829, the first police agency, the , was developed to keep the peace and identify
criminal suspects.
2. The refers to agencies of the government charged with enforcing law,
adjudicating criminals, and correcting criminal conduct.
3. The analyzed the American justice system in detail and helped usher in the era of
treatment and rehabilitation.
4. The criminal justice process begins with the an offender has with police and ends with the
offender’s reentry into society.
5. In about half the states and in the federal system, the decision of whether to bring a suspect to trial (indictment) is
made by a group of citizens brought together to form a .
6. Decision making and mark each stage of the criminal justice process. Thus, the criminal justice
system is similar to an assembly line.
7. The taking of a person into the custody of the law, the legal purpose of which is to restrain the accused, is known as
_____________.
8. The evidentiary criterion necessary to sustain an arrest or the issuance of an arrest or search warrant is known as
.
9. The questioning of a suspect in police custody is known as the .
10. A jury that cannot reach a decision in a criminal case is referred as a jury.
11. At , fingerprinting, photographing, and the recording of personal information of the
arrested person take place while in police custody.
12. At a defendant’s , formal charges are read, the accused is informed of constitutional
rights, bail is considered, and a trial date is set.
13. Samuel Walker, a justice historian, has developed a four layer-method for explaining the informal criminal justice
system; it is called the model.
14. Patterns of cooperation among judges, prosecutors, and public defenders are referred to as the
______________________.
15. The sets out and guarantees citizens certain rights and privileges when
they are accused of crime.
16. The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution are known as .
17. The judicial policy of not interfering in the administrative affairs of a prison is known as the .
18. Advocates of the model believe that the overriding purpose of the justice system is
to protect the public, deter criminal behavior, and incapacitate known criminals.
19. The idea that the punishment must be equitably administered and based on what people deserve for their crimes is
called ______________________.
20. Advocates of the model believe in individualized justice, treatment, and rehabilitation of
offenders and view themselves as protectors of civil rights.
21. According to the model, dealing effectively with crime requires attacking its root causes.
22. The model suggests that people commit crimes through no fault of their own. Instead,
criminals themselves are the victims of social injustice, poverty, and racism; their acts are a response to a society
that has betrayed them.
23. The asserts that all people should receive the same treatment under the law.
24. The model suggests that the more the government intervenes in the lives of people, the greater
the harm done to their future behavior patterns. Therefore, they advocate for diversion, decriminalization, and
deinstitutionalization.
25. Those who believe in the model maintain that the true purpose of the criminal justice is to
promote a peaceful, just society; they advocate peacemaking, not punishment.
26. In 1829, the first recognized police agency that was developed to keep the peace and identify criminal suspects was
the:
a. New York Police Department
b. Boston Police Department
c. London Metropolitan Police
d. French National Police
27. What prompted the development of formal agencies of criminal justice in the nineteenth century?
a. the Civil War
b. the rising number of murders in port cities
c. rampant alcohol abuse
d. criminal gangs and groups
28. The acted as a citizen’s advocate group and kept track of the activities of local
justice agencies. With its creation, the work of the criminal justice system began to be recognized.
a. Wickersham Commission
b. Chicago Crime Commission
c. American Bar Association
d. President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice
29. The Wickersham Commission analyzed American justice and helped to usher in the era of
_____________________.
a. nonintervention
b. treatment and rehabilitation
c. crime control
d. due process
30. When were the components of criminal justice first conceived of as a “system”?
a. after the Wickersham Commission
b. after the Chicago Crime Commission
c. after studies conducted by the American Bar Foundation
d. after the President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice
31. The criminal justice system is essentially an instrument of:
a. apprehension and punishment.
b. social control.
c. order maintenance.
d. crime prevention.
32. Today, there are approximately how many law enforcement agencies on all levels of the government?
a. 10,000
b. 12,500
c. 18,000
d. 25,000
33. Which state does not have a law enforcement agency at the state level?
a. Hawaii
b. Idaho
c. Utah
d. Maine
34. The U.S. criminal justice system is monumental in size and is expensive to run. What is the annual cost to run civil
and criminal justice on the federal, state, and local levels?
a. $500 million
b. $28 billion
c. $170 billion
d. $260 billion
35. Which of the following is not a component of the corrections system?
a. probation
b. prison
c. parole
d. prosecution
36. Currently, how many people are under some form of correctional supervision?
a. less than 2 million
b. about 5 million
c. more than 7 million
d. over 10 million
37. Which of the following is inaccurate regarding the similarities between the juvenile justice system and the adult
criminal justice system?
a. Discretion in decision making is used in both the juvenile justice systems and the adult criminal justice system.
b. The standard of arrest is similar for adults and juveniles.
c. The standard of evidence in juvenile delinquency adjudications, as in adult criminal trials, is proof beyond a
reasonable doubt.
d. Juveniles and adults can be kept in detention without bail if they are considered dangerous.
38. Which of the following is inaccurate regarding the differences between the juvenile justice system and the adult
criminal justice system?
a. Juvenile proceedings are not considered criminal, but adult proceedings are.
b. Juveniles have no constitutional right to a jury trial, whereas adults have this right.
c. The nature of the offense determines jurisdiction in juvenile court.
d. Juvenile court procedures are generally informal and private. Those of adult courts are more formal and are
open to the public.
39. The aspects of decision making and mark each stage of the criminal justice system.
a. funneling
b. deterrence
c. discretion
d. formality
40. In order to make an arrest, police need:
a. plausible cause.
b. sufficient evidence.
c. probable cause.
d. sufficient cause.
41. Grand jury procedures and preliminary hearings are held to determine if there exists for a suspect to stand
trial.
a. plausible cause
b. sufficient reason
c. probable cause
d. sufficient cause
42. A/An usually involves a fine, a term of community supervision (probation), a period of
incarceration in a penal institution, or some combination of these penalties.
a. arraignment
b. disposition
c. appeal
d. information
43. The process of bail is meant to ensure:
a. that a suspect can work with her/his defense attorney.
b. that witnesses will cooperate with attorneys.
c. that a suspect will appear at trial.
d. that victims will testify at trial.
44. Celebrity cases and their highly adversarial attorneys are a rarity in the justice system. A more accurate reflection
of the court process involves cooperation between judges, prosecutors, and public defenders, who work together to
ensure the flow of cases through the court system. This cooperation is referred to as the:
a. court system cooperation.
b. courtroom work group.
c. courtroom flow process.
d. adversarial assistance group.
45. In the past, U.S. courts exercised little control over the operations of criminal justice agencies, believing that their
actions were not an area of judicial concern. This policy was referred to as:
a. “eyesoff doctrine.”
b. “nonintrusion doctrine.”
c. “nonintervention doctrine.”
d. “handsoff doctrine.”
46. control the actions of the agencies of justice and define the rights of criminal defendants.
a. Procedural laws
b. Substantive laws
c. Criminal laws
d. Civil laws
47. While procedural laws have a number of sources, the most important source is:
a. the Emancipation Proclamation.
b. common law.
c. the Bible.
d. the Bill of Rights.
48. The procedural right that protects defendants from illegal searches and seizures is called:
a. exclusionary rule.
b. hands-off doctrine.
c. probable cause.
d. preliminary hearing.
49. During the 1960s and 1970s, the crime-control philosophy became a dominant force in America because of the rising
fear of crime and what other factor?
a. the increasing numbers of inmates being released from prison early due to overcrowding
b. the increasing pressure from civil rights advocates
c. a rising shortage of police officers at the local level
d. the growing skepticism about the effectiveness of rehabilitation efforts
50. Policy goals of advocates of the crime-control model include:
a. limiting police discretion.
b. increasing the size of police forces.
c. protecting citizens’ Miranda rights.
d. reducing the use of the death penalty.
51. Advocates of the crime control model do not believe that the overriding purpose of the justice system is to:
a. protect the public.
b. deter criminal behavior.
c. incapacitate known criminals.
d. ensure individualized justice.
52. Which of the following factors is an indicator of a conservative, hard–line political climate in the United States?
a. reducing the use of the death penalty
b. support for insanity defenses
c. prison overcrowding
d. upholding the exclusionary rule