53. According to the equal justice model, punishment must be equitably administered and based on what people deserve
for their crimes. This concept is known as:
a. just desserts.
b. discretion.
c. procedural fairness.
d. equal protection under law.
54. The equal justice model calls for:
a. indeterminate sentences.
b. mandatory sentences.
c. treatment and rehabilitation.
d. peacemaking, not punishment.
55. Most important to advocates of the due process model is that:
a. criminals should be changed into law-abiding and productive members of society.
b. society is protected and victims are compensated.
c. treatment and rehabilitation should be used over punitive measures.
d. the civil rights of the accused should be protected at all costs.
56. The due–process model combines elements of liberal/positivist criminology with the legal concept of:
a. probable cause.
b. fundamental fairness.
c. procedural fairness.
d. innocent until proven guilty.
57. Due-process model advocates have not demanded which of the following practices?
a. truth–in-sentencing laws
b. development of prisoners’ rights
c. strict scrutiny of police search and interrogation procedures
d. competent defense counsel for every criminal defendant
58. Which perspective embraces the notion that, given the proper care and treatment, criminals can be changed into
productive, law-abiding citizens?
a. equal justice
b. crime control
c. rehabilitation
d. due process
59. The rehabilitation model suggests that people commit crime:
a. in spite of treatment and rehabilitation efforts.
b. when the opportunity exists.
c. through no fault of their own.
d. when the general public is nonsupportive of the poor.
60. According to the rehabilitation model, dealing effectively with crime requires:
a. attacking its root causes.
b. more punitive sentencing.
c. decriminalization of nonserious offenses.
d. appropriate levels of funding from the federal government
61. The rehabilitation model is also referred to as:
a. the intervention model.
b. the patient model.
c. the medical model.
d. the healing model.
62. What do proponents of the nonintervention model advocate?
a. limiting decriminalization of nonserious offenses
b. limiting government intrusion into people’s lives
c. limiting diversion from formal court processes
d. limiting deinstitutionalization of nonserious offenders
63. A criticism of the nonintervention model is that alternative programs may result in:
a. increased taxes due to costs associated with alternative programs.
b. disrespect for a criminal justice system viewed as “soft” by offenders.
c. an eventual increase in crime when programs fail.
d. widening the net instead of removing people from the system.
64. According to the restorative justice model, what is the true purpose of the criminal justice system?
a. to promote a peaceful and just society
b. to maintain a “handsoff” doctrine
c. to protect a suspect’s civil rights
d. to treat and rehabilitate offenders
65. How do backers of the restorative justice model view punitive methods of correction?
a. as restorative to the social capital of society
b. as stigmatizing to the offender
c. as effective if used in combination with parole and aftercare
d. as no more effective than more humanitarian efforts
66. From their inception in the nineteenth century, the component agencies of criminal justice have worked as a system.
a. True
b. False
67. The Plug Uglies, the Hudson Dusters, and the Dead Rabbits were gangs and the forerunners of organized crime
families in New York.
a. True
b. False
68. When making an arrest, a police officer must inform the suspect by using the word “arrest” and must then transport
the suspect to a police station.
a. True
b. False
69. Complaints are the type of charging documents used in misdemeanor cases; informations and indictments are the
charging documents used in felony cases.
a. True
b. False
70. Each component of the criminal justice system is closely supervised by state and federal courts through the law of
criminal procedure, which sets out and guarantees citizens certain rights and privileges when they are accused of
crime.
a. True
b. False
71. Procedural laws control the actions of the agencies of justice and define the rights of criminal defendants.
a. True
b. False
72. In the 1960s, under the guidance of Chief Justice Earl Warren, the U.S. Supreme Court became more active in the
affairs of the justice system.
a. True
b. False
73. According to the exclusionary rule, illegally seized evidence cannot be used during a trial.
a. True
b. False
74. In 1868, the Twentieth Amendment made the first ten amendments to the Constitution binding on state governments.
a. True
b. False
75. The U.S. Supreme Court interprets the Constitution and sets out the procedural laws that must be followed by the
lower federal and state courts.
a. True
b. False
76. The goal of the crime-control model is speedy, efficient justice.
a. True
b. False
77. The changing social climate during the Ronald Reagan era ushered in the due-process model focusing upon individual
rights.
a. True
b. False
78. Advocates of the equal-justice model are concerned with unfairness in the criminal justice system, such as racism
and discrimination, which causes sentencing disparity and unequal treatment before the law.
a. True
b. False
79. Determinate sentencing, sentencing guidelines, and truth-in–sentencing are three direct outcomes of the equal justice
model.
a. True
b. False
80. Advocates of the due process-model suggest that to effectively deal with crime, one must attack its root causes.
a. True
b. False
81. Those who adhere to due-process principles believe in individualized justice, treatment, and rehabilitation of
offenders.
a. True
b. False
82. The nonintervention model would be most worried about the government’s expanding ability to use computers to
intrude into people’s private lives.
a. True
b. False
83. The rehabilitation model suggests that with proper care and treatment, criminals can be changed into productive, law-
abiding citizens.
a. True
b. False
84. The nonintervention model seeks to limit the government’s intrusion into people’s lives. It espouses supports for the
decriminalization of nonserious offenses, such as possessing small amounts of marijuana.
a. True
b. False
85. The restorative–justice model views the violent punishing acts of the state as similar to the violent acts of individuals.
a. True
b. False
86. Discuss the importance and/or findings of the Chicago Crime Commission, the Wickersham Commission, the
American Bar Foundation, and President Lyndon Johnson’s Crime Commission and how each contributed to our
understanding of the criminal justice system.
87. Explain the meaning of, “the criminal justice system is an instrument of social control.” Describe the size and extent
of this social control instrument.
88. List, in chronological order, and explain the process of justice.
89. The criminal justice assembly line is an accurate metaphor of how the process of justice works. Explain why this is
so.
90. Explain how the criminal justice system has been shaped by the rule of law.
91. Compare and contrast the elements and philosophies inherent within the crime control and due process models.
92. What are the elements of the justice model and the concerns of its advocates?
93. How do advocates of the rehabilitation model view the justice system? According to this model, what causes
crime? How should the justice system deal with offenders?
94. Why do proponents of the nonintervention model view rehabilitation and due process with suspicion? What do
advocates of the nonintervention model advocate?
95. According to the restorative justice model, what is the true purpose of the criminal justice system and how might this
purpose be realized (via the use of what methods)?