62) RNA is found
A) primarily in the cell nucleus.
B) primarily in cell ribosomes.
C) primarily in cell mitochondria.
D) in all parts of the cell.
63) The repeating units in both DNA and RNA are called
A) monomers.
B) nucleic acids.
C) nucleotides.
D) amino acids.
64) The sugar in the nucleotides of DNA is
A) glucose.
B) lactose.
C) sucrose.
D) deoxyribose.
65) The sugar in the nucleotides of RNA is
A) glucose.
B) lactose.
C) ribose.
D) sucrose.
66) Nucleotides in nucleic acids are joined by links through the
A) phosphate groups.
B) base groups.
C) sugar groups.
D) peptide bonds.
67) One of the bases in the nucleotides of DNA is
A) lactose.
B) deoxyribose.
C) adenine.
D) uracil.
68) The most important feature that distinguishes one DNA molecule from another is (are)
A) the type of phosphate bonds.
B) the type of sugar in each molecule.
C) the order of the bases attached to the sugar phosphate backbone.
D) all of the above features
69) One of the bases in the nucleotides of RNA is
A) fructose.
B) deoxyribose.
C) thymine.
D) cytosine.
70) Watson and Crick proposed that DNA exists as a(n)
A) alpha helix.
B) double helix.
C) beta sheet.
D) pleated sheet.
71) Base pairing in DNA occurs through
A) covalent bonds between complementary bases on nucleic acid chains.
B) hydrogen bonds between complementary bases on nucleic acid chains.
C) salt bonds between complementary bases on nucleic acid chains.
D) an interaction that is not well understood.
72) Which of the following statements comparing DNA and RNA is correct?
A) DNA exists as a double helix of DNA chains; RNA is single stranded.
B) RNA exists as a double helix of RNA chains; DNA is single stranded.
C) Both DNA and RNA exist as a double helix.
D) Both DNA and RNA are single stranded.
73) Which of the following is NOT found in nucleic acids?
A) deoxyribose
B) glycerol
C) phosphate
D) thymine
74) Which of the following is NOT true for a DNA double helix?
A) Complementary base pairs are on the outside of the double helix.
B) Complementary base pairs are on the inside of the double helix.
C) The phosphate groups are on the outside of the double helix.
D) Each complementary base pair contains a pyrimidine and a purine.
75) Which of the following base pairs is NOT found in DNA?
A) C-G
B) T-C
C) A-T
D) None of the above
76) DNA is found primarily in the cell
A) nucleus.
B) ribosomes.
C) mitochondria.
D) DNA is found throughout the cell.
77) The hereditary material of all cells is found in the
A) chromosomes.
B) mitochondria.
C) ribosomes.
D) cytoplasm.
78) Human body cells have ________ chromosomes.
A) 52
B) 22
C) 46
D) 14
79) If the DNA template chain contains the 5‘ → 3‘ sequence A-T-T-G-C, what will be the sequence on the
newly synthesized DNA chain?
A) 3′ → 5‘ T-A-A-C-G
B) 5′ → 3‘ T-A-A-C-G
C) 3′ → 5‘ U-A-A-C-G
D) 5′ → 3′ U-A-A-C-G
80) The first step in protein synthesis in cells is
A) replication.
B) transcription.
C) translation.
D) destruction.
81) Transcription is the process by which DNA passes information to
A) another strand of DNA.
B) transfer RNA.
C) messenger RNA.
D) a new cell.
82) What type of molecule carries the amino acid from the cell fluid to the ribosomes?
A) uracil
B) tRNA
C) guanine
D) DNA
83) Which molecule is made in the translation process?
A) DNA
B) mRNA
C) rRNA
D) protein
84) Which of the following bases is found in RNA but not in DNA?
A) adenine
B) cytosine
C) guanine
D) uracil
85) The process in which proteins are made from mRNA is
A) complementation.
B) replication.
C) transcription.
D) translation.
86) The process in which mRNA is made from DNA is
A) complementation.
B) replication.
C) transcription.
D) translation.
87) If the DNA template chain contains the 5‘ → 3′ sequence A-T-T-G-C, what will be the sequence on the
newly synthesized mRNA chain?
A) 3′ → 5‘ T-A-A-C-G
B) 5′ → 3′ T-A-A-C-G
C) 3′ → 5′ U-A-A-C-G
D) 5′ → 3′ U-A-A-C-G
88) What is the complementary RNA base for the DNA base of adenine?
A) uracil
B) cytosine
C) adenine
D) valine
89) Which of the following statements about the genetic code is NOT true?
A) Each codon consists of four bases.
B) An amino acid may be coded for by more than one codon.
C) Some codons act as stop signals and terminate further synthesis of a protein chain.
D) Codons consist of some combination of A, G, C and U.
90) The class of compounds that serve as the source of information and control in living systems are
A) amino acids.
B) carbohydrates.
C) nucleic acids.
D) proteins.
91) The bacterial DNA that is used as the splice receptor in recombinant DNA is called a
A) plasmid.
B) codon.
C) clones.
D) restrictor.
92) Identify the example that is NOT an example of recombinant DNA technology.
A) erythropoietin
B) factor VIII
C) chromatograph
D) recombinant vaccines
93) Recombinant DNA
A) contains DNA from different cells of the same organism.
B) contains DNA from several different organisms.
C) contains DNA from one organism, but some of the original DNA has been deleted.
D) contains DNA from two different organisms.
16.2 True/False Questions
1) The genetic information of a cell is found in the chloroplasts.
2) The series of chemical reactions that keep cells alive are known as metabolism.
3) Chloroplasts convert light energy into heat energy.
4) The main difference between starch and glycogen is that starch has alpha (α) linkages between glucose
units while glycogen has beta (β) linkages.
5) Cellulose and starch are made up of glucose monomers, so they can both be digested by humans.
6) Naturally occurring fatty acids usually have an odd number of carbons.
7) Triglycerides with a high proportion of saturated fatty acids have a higher melting point than
triglycerides with a low proportion of saturated fatty acids do.
8) Proteins are polymers consisting of amino acid monomers.
9) An amino acid has an amide group and a carboxyl acid group.
10) Changing one amino acid in a protein sequence will always have a negative effect.
11) The great diversity of proteins is due to the large number of amino acids from which proteins are
made.
12) A salt bridge occurs when the oppositely charged side chains on two amino acids within the same or
different protein chains are attracted to each other.
13) All proteins exhibit primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure.
14) Enzymes are biological catalysts.
15) One model to explain the inhibition of enzymes involves having the inhibitor bind to the enzyme at a
site distant from the active site. The enzyme then changes shape so that the substrate no longer fits into
the active site.
16) Worldwide production of enzymes is worth more than $20 billion per year.
17) A nucleotide made up of cytosine, ribose and a phosphate would be found in DNA.
18) Pyrimidines have only one ring, while purines have two.
19) In a sample of DNA, the amount of A will be equal to the amount of G.
20) There are 64 possible base triplets for 20 amino acids.
21) The genetic code for protein synthesis is known.
22) Introns are inactive portions in genes.
23) The molecule that carries the amino acid to the site of protein synthesis is mRNA.
24) The RNA molecule that carries the information that determines the sequence of amino acids in a
protein is mRNA.
25) DNA fingerprinting can be used to show that someone is innocent of a crime.
26) Gene therapy has been widely used in treating people who have a genetic disease.
27) 86% of the corn planted in the U.S. is genetically modified.
1) The structural unit of living things is the ________.
2) The largest structure in a cell is usually the ________.
3) The major distinguishing feature between plant and animal cells is the chloroplast. Discuss this
difference.
28
4) The series of chemical reactions that degrade molecules to provide energy to a living system is called
________.
5) Glucose contains a(n) ________ functional group in addition to the hydroxyl group.
6) The hydrolysis of lactose yields glucose and ________.
7) Starch and Cellulose are examples of ________.
8) The glucose units in starch are joined by ________ linkages, while those in cellulose are joined by
________ linkages.
9) Cellular constituents that are soluble in low polarity organic solvents are called ________.
10) Fats are esters of ________ and glycerol.
11) Proteins are composed of long chains of ________.
12) The bond that holds amino acids together to form the backbone of a protein is called a(n) ________
bond.
13) ________ is an example of a basic amino acid.
14) The end of the protein molecule with a free amino group is called the ________ end.
15) The genetic information in DNA is carried by ________ different bases.
16) The RNA that transports the base sequence information to the ribosomes is called ________ RNA or
________ RNA.
16.4 Essay Questions
1) What is the major structural difference between cellulose and starch?
2) Discuss the four types of protein structure.
3) How does hydrogen bonding influence the structure of proteins?
4) What is a disulfide bond? How does it influence the structure of a protein?
5) Discuss in very general terms how the genetic code in DNA controls the synthesis of proteins in the cell
ribosomes.