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Exam
Name___________________________________
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1)
Which of the following is not a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus?
1)
A)
stimulates production of an action potential
B)
alters plasma membrane permeability
C)
induces secretory activity
D)
activates or deactivates enzymes
2)
Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus ________.
2)
A)
first enter into the hypophyseal portal system
B)
enter the hepatic portal system, which feeds the pituitary
C)
enter venous circulation and travel to the heart, which pumps the hormone-containing blood
to the pituitary
D)
travel by arteries to the pituitary
3)
Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because ________.
3)
A)
there are thousands of receptors on the cell membrane
B)
during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes
C)
the receptors bind to several hormones at the same time
D)
the protein kinases are rapidly metabolized into functional amino acids
4)
Which of the following is not a type of hormone interaction?
4)
A)
permissiveness
B)
synergism
C)
feedback
D)
antagonism
5)
Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone?
5)
A)
aldosterone
B)
estrogen
C)
epinephrine
D)
cortisone
6)
Thyroxine is a peptide hormone, but its mechanism is different from other peptide hormones.
Which of the following statements is true concerning this difference?
6)
A)
It is very specific in the cell type it targets.
B)
It is a stimulant of cellular metabolism and targets all cells.
C)
It does not require a second messenger to effect a response.
D)
It causes positive feedback.
7)
Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions
involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and
second messengers to communicate. This is possible because ________.
7)
A)
hormones alter cellular operations through direct stimulation of a gene
B)
peptide hormones are converted by cell membranes enzymes into second messengers
C)
G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers
D)
the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm as a unit
8)
The major targets of growth hormone are ________.
8)
A)
the liver
B)
the blood vessels
C)
bones and skeletal muscles
D)
the adrenal glands
9)
How do glucocorticoids enable the body to deal appropriately with stress?
9)
A)
by releasing the neurotransmitters that prepare the body for the stress response
B)
by increasing blood glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid levels and enhancing blood pressure
C)
by decreasing the heart rate, thus decreasing blood pressure
D)
by stimulating the pancreas to release insulin
10)
Which of the choices below is not a factor required for target cell activation by hormone receptor
interaction?
10)
A)
strength of the bond between the receptor and hormone
B)
type of hormone
C)
blood levels of hormone
D)
number of receptors for that hormone
11)
Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of ________.
11)
A)
cortisol
B)
aldosterone
C)
secretin
D)
insulin
12)
Oxytocin ________.
12)
A)
controls milk production
B)
is an adenohypophyseal secretion
C)
release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
D)
exerts its most important effects during menstruation
13)
Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to ________.
13)
A)
insulin, because insulin is a small peptide
B)
growth hormone, because the thyroid works synergistically with thyroid hormone
C)
steroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells
D)
glucagon, because the structure of glucagon is similar to that of thyroid hormone
14)
Aldosterone ________.
14)
A)
production is greatly influenced by ACTH
B)
is secreted by the neurohypophysis
C)
functions to increase sodium reabsorption
D)
presence increases potassium concentration in the blood
15)
A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for
this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem.
15)
A)
FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.
B)
FSH stimulates estrogen secretion by ovarian cells; therefore it is not synthesized by males.
C)
The man must be producing progesterone, which inhibits the synthesis of FSH.
D)
A hormone made in the adenohypophysis cannot influence fertility.
16)
ADH ________.
16)
A)
is inhibited by alcohol
B)
increases urine production
C)
promotes dehydration
D)
is produced in the adenohypophysis
17)
Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary
gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through
the ________.
17)
A)
feedback loop
B)
general circulatory system
C)
hypophyseal portal system
D)
hepatic portal system
18)
In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of
target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target
organ. This is known as ________.
18)
A)
a stressor reaction
B)
up-regulation
C)
sensitivity increase
D)
cellular affinity
19)
Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ________.
19)
A)
estrogen
B)
epinephrine
C)
testosterone
D)
cortisol
20)
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________.
20)
A)
conducts aldosterone to the hypophysis
B)
is the site of prolactin synthesis
C)
is partly contained within the infundibulum
D)
connects the hypophysis to the pituitary gland
21)
Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular
________.
21)
A)
nucleotides
B)
calcium
C)
second messengers
D)
deactivating ions
22)
Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ________.
22)
A)
possible activation of several different second-messenger systems
B)
hormone binding to intracellular receptors
C)
formation of a specific protein kinase that acts on a series of extracellular intermediates
D)
cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase formation of an active second messenger
23)
Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?
23)
A)
polydipsia
B)
polycythemia
C)
polyuria
D)
polyphagia
24)
One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood
levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism?
24)
A)
humoral stimulation
B)
protein synthesis
C)
catabolic inhibition
D)
carbohydrate oxidation
25)
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the
________.
25)
A)
thymus gland
B)
pancreas
C)
adrenal medulla
D)
thyroid gland
26)
When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during
the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is ________.
26)
A)
angiotensinogen
B)
renin
C)
epinephrine
D)
estrogen
27)
Steroid hormones exert their action by ________.
27)
A)
binding cell receptors and initiating cAMP activity
B)
activating the hypothalamic release of regulating hormones
C)
entering the cell and activating mitochondrial DNA
D)
entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene
28)
Eicosanoids do not include ________.
28)
A)
paracrines
B)
leukotrienes
C)
prostaglandins
D)
hydrocortisones
29)
The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because
________.
29)
A)
embryonically it was an endocrine tissue, but in the adult human it is no longer functional
B)
it is strictly a part of the neural system and has little or nothing to do with hormonal release
C)
it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
D)
it is unable to function as an endocrine tissue because it is actually part of the neural system
due to its location
30)
Which organ does not produce hormones?
30)
A)
heart
B)
skin
C)
kidney
D)
spleen
31)
What ion is sometimes used as a second messenger of amino acidbased hormones?
31)
A)
sodium
B)
calcium
C)
iron
D)
chlorine
32)
The most important mineralcorticoid regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids
is ________.
32)
A)
insulin
B)
glucagon
C)
aldosterone
D)
cortisol
33)
Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP?
33)
A)
the spleen
B)
the heart
C)
the kidney
D)
the skin
34)
Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus?
34)
A)
a change in membrane potential
B)
an increase in enzymatic activity
C)
direct control of the nervous system
D)
the stimulation of a genetic event resulting in protein synthesis
35)
Leptin is secreted by ________.
35)
A)
adipocytes
B)
goblet cells
C)
lymphocytes
D)
fibroblasts
36)
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on
________.
36)
A)
nothingall hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because
hormones are powerful and nonspecific
B)
the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path
C)
the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ
D)
the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
37)
Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and increases energy expenditure?
37)
A)
leptin
B)
secretin
C)
renin
D)
gastrin
38)
The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________.
38)
A)
binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP
B)
synthesizing more than one hormone at a time
C)
increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organ
D)
altering gene expression in the nuclear DNA
39)
Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic
function of other cells in the body are called ________.
39)
A)
hormones
B)
antibodies
C)
enzymes
D)
proteins
40)
Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus?
40)
A)
hormonal
B)
neural
C)
enzyme
D)
humoral
41)
ACTH ________.
41)
A)
causes the release of hormones from the adrenal medulla
B)
is secreted by the posterior pituitary
C)
is not a tropic hormone
D)
secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic regulatory hormone
42)
Which of the following is not a parathyroid gland mechanism to maintain adequate levels of blood
calcium?
42)
A)
increase calcium ion reabsorption by the kidneys
B)
increase in intestinal absorption of calcium ions
C)
inhibition of calcitonin synthesis
D)
activation of osteoclasts
43)
The single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood is ________.
43)
A)
calcitonin
B)
parathyroid hormone
C)
gonadotropic hormones
D)
thyroid hormone
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
44)
The largest pure endocrine gland in the body is the ________.
44)
45)
Give an example of synergism in hormones.
45)
Figure 16.2
Using Figure 16.2, match the following hypothalamic hormones with the pituitary hormone targets:
46)
Thyroid stimulating hormone
46)
47)
What is the difference between autocrines and paracrines?
47)
48)
How is the heart involved as an endocrine gland?
48)
Figure 16.1
Using Figure 16.1, match the following:
49)
Produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics.
49)
Figure 16.2
Using Figure 16.2, match the following hypothalamic hormones with the pituitary hormone targets:
50)
Prolactin
50)
Figure 16.1
Using Figure 16.1, match the following:
51)
Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain.
51)
52)
Hypersecretion of growth hormone after epiphyseal plate closure can result in a condition
called ________.
52)
53)
Compare the structure and function of endocrine and exocrine glands.
53)
54)
Briefly discuss target cell activation by hormone-receptor interaction.
54)
55)
As a result of stress the adenohypophysis releases ________, which stimulates release of
hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and
begin breaking down fats.
55)
56)
Why should the hypothalamus instead of the adenohypophysis be called the "master
endocrine gland"?
56)
57)
Basal metabolism declines with age. What factors contribute to that decline?
57)
Figure 16.1
Using Figure 16.1, match the following:
58)
Produce steroid hormones and glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.
58)
59)
A person who drinks a lot of alcoholic beverages must urinate frequently. Why?
59)
Figure 16.3
Using Figure 16.3, match the following:
60)
Produces androgens.
60)
61)
Produces glucocorticoids.
61)
62)
Acromegaly and gigantism are the result of ________ of growth hormone.
62)
