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1. According to psychoanalytic therapy, human beings are:
a. motivated by social interest.
b. determined by psychic energy and early experiences.
c. inclined toward becoming fully functioning.
d. free to choose who they will become.
2. Which of the following approaches contends that the nature of the human condition includes self-awareness,
freedom of choice, responsibility, and anxiety as basic elements?
a. Gestalt therapy
b. Person-centered therapy
c. Existential therapy
d. Adlerian therapy
3. Which of the following approaches to therapy focuses on the unique style of life we create at an early age?
a. Family systems therapy
b. Reality therapy
c. Rational emotive behavior therapy
d. Adlerian therapy
4. Which of the following approaches is based on the premise that there are multiple realities and multiple truths?
a. Behavior therapy
b. Postmodern approaches
c. Rational emotive behavior therapy
d. Gestalt therapy
5. Which of the following orientations avoids exploring problems, and instead, focuses on creating solutions in the
present and the future?
a. Freud’spsychoanalyticapproach
b. Family therapy
c. Person-centered therapy
d. Postmodern approaches
6. Which statement most closely reflects the philosophy of feminist therapy?
a. Feminist therapy depicts an accurate assessment of the psychosexual stages of development.
b. Androcentricism, gendercentricism, and ethnocentricism are important bias-free concepts of feminist therapy.
c. Constructs of feminist therapy include being gender-fair, flexible, interactionist, and life-span oriented.
d. Feminist therapy encourages the use of the DSM to assess psychopathology.
7. Adleriantherapyemphasizestheindividual’s:
a. development of a unique lifestyle.
b. quality world.
c. irrational, crooked thinking.
d. polarities.
8. Which of the following approaches would contend that normal personality development depends on the successful
resolution of specific stages of development?
a. Narrative therapy
b. Family systems therapy
c. Psychoanalytic therapy
d. Solution-focused therapy
9. A key concept of Gestalt therapy is:
a. externalizing conversations.
b. unfinished business.
c. belief systems.
d. family of origin issues.
10. Whichofthefollowingtherapiesemphasizesthataperson’sbeliefsystemisthecauseofemotionalproblems?
a. Solution-focused brief therapy
b. Existential therapy
c. Gestalt therapy
d. Cognitive behavior therapy
11. Personcenteredtherapyputsfaithintheclient’s:
a. ability to uncover repressed experiences.
b. ability to integrate their polarities.
c. capacity for recognizing how birth order affects their choices.
d. capacity for self-direction.
12. Which of the following approaches most emphasizes principles of learning?
a. Gestalt therapy
b. Behavior therapy
c. Narrative therapy
d. Family systems therapy
13. Which is not a key concept of feminist therapy?
a. The personal is political.
b. The counseling relationship is egalitarian.
c. Commitment to confronting oppression
d. Women’sproblemsareviewedfromanintrapsychicperspective.
14. Which approach offers encouragement so individuals can develop socially useful goals and increase social interest?
a. Adlerian therapy
b. Behavior therapy
c. Reality therapy
d. Gestalt therapy
15. Which of the following approaches to therapy most attempts to provide a growth-promoting climate that is conducive
toaclient’sselfexploration?
a. Psychoanalytic therapy
b. Gestalt therapy
c. Reality therapy
d. Person-centered therapy
16. One of the goals of feminist therapy is to:
a. bring about transformation both in the individual client and in society.
b. make the unconscious conscious.
c. provide opportunities for reliving early traumas.
d. assist clients in gaining awareness of moment-to-moment experiencing.
17. Which of the following approaches places emphasis on challenging clients to recognize that they are responsible for
events that they formerly thought were happening to them?
a. Psychoanalytic therapy
b. Existential therapy
c. Behavior therapy
d. Adlerian therapy
18. One of the major goals of reality therapy involves:
a. reconstructing the basic personality.
b. identifying factors that block freedom.
c. encouraging clients to be willing to be a process.
d. helping people become more effective in meeting all of their psychological needs.
19. Which of the following approaches to therapy focuses on eliminating maladaptive behaviors?
a. Person-centered therapy
b. Gestalt therapy
c. Behavior therapy
d. Reality therapy
20. Empowerment and egalitarianism are the basis of the ________ therapeutic relationship.
a. existential
b. feminist
c. Gestalt
d. psychoanalytic
21. According to traditional psychoanalytic therapy, the therapist:
a. must establish an authentic encounter with the client.
b. should display genuineness and warmth.
c. remains anonymous.
d. is a teacher.
22. In which of the following approaches does the therapist ask the client what they are choosing to do?
a. Choice theory/reality therapy
b. Gestalt therapy
c. Family systems therapy
d. Psychoanalytic therapy
23. In which therapy approach is the client viewed as the expert on his or her own life, while the therapist is seen as an
expert questioner who assists clients in freeing themselves of their problem-saturated stories and create new life-
affirming stories?
a. Existential therapy
b. Narrative therapy
c. Rational emotive behavior therapy
d. Person-centered therapy
24. Whichofthefollowingapproachesencouragestherapiststoaccuratelygrasptheclient’s“beingintheworld”?
a. Psychoanalytic therapy
b. Adlerian therapy
c. Behavior therapy
d. Existential therapy
25. An Adlerian therapist would:
a. maintain an aloof stance.
b. establish a cooperative relationship based on equality.
c. take the role of expert.
d. take the role of a friendly parent.
26. In which of the following approaches to therapy does the therapist become active and directive, functioning as a
teacher or mentor for the client?
a. Existential therapy
b. Person-centered therapy
c. Behavior therapy
d. Gestalt therapy
27. A key technique of Adlerian therapy is:
a. free association.
b. dialogue with polarities.
c. family sculpting.
d. theassessmentofone’sfamilyconstellation.
28. Which of the following approaches to therapy stresses understanding first and technique second?
a. Gestalt therapy
b. Existential therapy
c. Rational emotive behavior therapy
d. Family systems therapy
29. Oneofthetechniquesusedbybehaviortherapistsindealingwithaclient’sanxietyis:
a. the miracle question.
b. encouragement.
c. externalizing the problem.
d. systematic desensitization.
30. Which of the following approaches to therapy stresses the attitude of the therapist over the use of techniques?
a. Person-centered therapy
b. Psychoanalytic therapy
c. Cognitive-behavior therapy
d. Behavior therapy
31. The technique of intensifying experiences and integrating conflicting feelings is associated with:
a. Gestalt therapy.
b. person-centered therapy.
c. existential therapy.
d. reality therapy.
32. In feminist therapy, the following technique(s) is/are used to help clients recognize the impact of gender-role
socialization:
a. free association.
b. unbalancing.
c. scaling questions.
d. consciousness-raising.
33. In psychoanalytic therapy, a technique of great importance is:
a. “TheQuestion.”
b. reauthoringone’slifestory.
c. value judgments.
d. interpretation.
34. Which of the following therapies is based on a growth model and is applicable to such varied spheres of life as child
guidance, parent-child counseling, and marital and family therapy?
a. Psychoanalytic therapy
b. Behavioral therapy
c. Cognitive behavior therapy
d. Adlerian therapy
35. Which of the following therapies is a pragmatic approach based on empirical validation of results?
a. Behavior therapy
b. Narrative therapy
c. Existential therapy
d. Rational emotive behavior therapy
36. Which of the following approaches to therapy is especially well suited for the initial phases of crisis intervention
work?
a. Reality therapy
b. Person-centered therapy
c. Psychoanalytic therapy
d. Solution-focused brief therapy
37. Which of the following approaches is least likely to be applied to short-term crisis intervention?
a. Existential therapy
b. Person-centered therapy
c. Reality therapy
d. Psychoanalytic therapy
38. Existential therapy can be especially helpful for:
a. individuals with phobic disorders.
b. children with behavior disorders.
c. patients in a mental hospital.
d. individuals facing a transition in life.
39. Which of the following approaches to therapy is applied to both women and men with the goal of bringing about
empowerment?
a. Feminist therapy
b. Psychoanalytic therapy
c. Person-centered therapy
d. Adlerian therapy
40. One contribution of psychoanalytic therapy has been its:
a. subjective approach.
b. reliance on research for validation.
c. detailed and comprehensive description of personality structure and functioning.
d. emphasis on an I/Thou relationship.
41. Which of the following approaches is credited with an emphasis on assessment and evaluation?
a. Behavior therapy
b. Existential therapy
c. Psychoanalytic therapy
d. Reality therapy
42. Which of the following approaches recognized the need for a subjective approach based on a complete view of the
human condition?
a. Family systems therapy
b. Psychoanalytic therapy
c. Person-centered therapy
d. Existential therapy
43. Which of the following approaches consists of simple and clear concepts and emphasizes the role of choice?
a. Psychoanalytic therapy
b. Reality therapy
c. Narrative therapy
d. Gestalt therapy
44. One contribution of Adlerian therapy has been an emphasis on:
a. unconscious motivations.
b. empirical validation.
c. unleashing buried feelings.
d. social and psychological factors.
45. Which of the following approaches to therapy puts an emphasis on direct experiencing and doing?
a. Person-centered therapy
b. Gestalt therapy
c. Rational emotive behavior therapy
d. Narrative therapy
46. The negative impact of discrimination and oppression for both men and women has surfaced as a result of:
a. rational emotive behavior therapy.
b. person-centered therapy.
c. family systems therapy.
d. feminist therapy.
47. A limitation of psychoanalytic therapy is that:
a. it requires a short period of training for therapists.
b. it is inexpensive for clients.
c. the model stresses biological and instinctual factors to the neglect of social, cultural, and interpersonal ones.
d. many clients have the degree of ego strength needed for regressive and reconstructive therapy.
48. A limitation of reality therapy is that it:
a. consists of simple concepts that are easily grasped.
b. discounts the therapeutic value of dreams.
c. does not appeal to resistant clients.
d. has limited applicability.
49. A limitation of person-centered therapy is:
a. the possible danger of the therapist remaining passive and inactive.
b. the emphasis on complex ideas and concepts.
c. the lack of research to support the theory.
d. neglect of the value of the therapeutic relationship.
50. A limitation of existential therapy is its:
a. emphasis on the therapist as an expert.
b. adherence to the medical model.
c. limited applicability to nonverbal clients.
d. use of simplistic concepts.
51. A limitation of Gestalt therapy is that it:
a. does not allow for full expression of feelings.
b. discounts the therapeutic value of dreams.
c. completely ignores the past.
d. may neglect cognitive factors.
52. A limitation of behavior therapy is that it:
a. may change behavior but not feelings.
b. does not identify specific problems.
c. does not make room for cognitive factors.
d. fails to explicitly define the role of the therapist.
53. __________ is an efficacious approach to helping people who experience psychological distress improve their
functioning.
a. Psychotherapy
b. Treatment
c. Intervention
d. Techniques
54. __________ is designed to evaluate and to improve the quality and effectiveness of counseling services.
a. Session Rating Scale
b. Outcome Rating Scale
c. Income Rating Scale
d. Feedback-informed treatment
55. Which of the following approaches to integration refers to a conceptual creation beyond a mere blending of
techniques?
a. Technical eclecticism
b. Common factors approach
c. Theoretical integration
d. Assimilative integration
56. The __________measuresaclient’sperceptionofthequalityofthetherapeuticrelationship,whichincludesthe
relational bond with the therapist, the perceived collaboration around specific tasks in therapy, and agreement on
goals, methods, and client preferences.
a. Session Rating Scale
b. Outcome Rating Scale
c. Income Rating Scale
d. Termination Rating Scale
57. The common factors approach to psychotherapy integration:
a. searches for common elements across different theoretical systems.
b. supports the notion of remaining theoretically consistent and technically eclectic.
c. synthesizes important aspects of two or more theories.
d. emphasizes the importance of spirituality in counseling.
58. The __________assessestheclient’stherapeuticprogressthroughratingsofaclient’spersonalexperienceof
well-being in his or her individual, interpersonal, and social functioning.
a. Session Rating Scale
b. Outcome Rating Scale
c. Income Rating Scale
d. Termination Rating Scale
59. Regarding psychotherapy outcome, research shows:
a. the behavioral approaches are more effective than the humanistic approaches.
b. there are clear factors that predict which models of therapy work best for particular types of clients.
c. the therapeutic relationship is not a major contributor to therapeutic change.
d. no model of therapy has been proven more effective than another.
60. What is the current thinking in the field regarding the role of spirituality in counseling?
a. There is growing evidence that spiritual practice is therapeutically relevant, ethically appropriate, and
potentially significant topics for practice of counseling in secular settings.
b. Counselors are encouraged to be cautious and engage in peripheral discussions about spirituality only.
c. There is little interest in integrating spiritual issues in counseling.
d. Counselors should take a directive approach in helping clients meet their spiritual needs.
