A) genus, family, class, order, phylum
B) genus, family, order, class, phylum
C) family, genus, order, phylum, class
D) family, genus, class, order, phylum
52) ________ and ________ mean the same thing.
A) Clade; parsimony
B) Parsimony; analogy
C) Clade; monophyletic taxon
D) Derived; ancestral
53) In mammals, the presence of four limbs is ________, and hair is ________.
A) a shared derived character; a shared ancestral character that places mammals in the tetrapod
clade
B) a shared ancestral character; a shared derived character unique to mammals
C) a homologous feature; an analogous feature
D) monophyletic; parsimonious
54) A systematist includes a lizard in a phylogenetic analysis of relationships among bird
families. In this analysis, the lizard would be treated as
A) the ingroup.
B) the outgroup.
C) a derived group.
D) an analogous group.
55) In accordance with the principle of parsimony, scientists prefer
A) phylogenetic trees that minimize the number of evolutionary changes.
B) phylogenetic trees in which adaptations repeatedly arise, disappear, and reappear.
C) phylogenetic trees with many small clades to those with a few major clades.
D) the Linnaean system of nomenclature to the use of common names.
56) How can a phylogenetic tree be used to make predictions?
A) Current trends of evolution will continue into the future. Complex models can be used to
accurately predict future branching patterns and the nature of future adaptations.
B) Features shared between two groups are likely to have been present in their common ancestor.
C) Features found in one clade are likely to be found in other clades inhabiting different
environments.
D) An existing organism’s characteristics can be confidently assumed to fit the patterns in the
tree. This procedure eliminates the need to collect data about organisms through direct
observation or sampling.
57) The existence of nest-building in crocodiles and birds led to a prediction that this behavior
was also present in ________.
A) fossil lizards
B) Komodo dragons
C) fossil dinosaurs
D) invertebrates
58) ________ makes it possible to trace phylogenies among microbial groups for which there is
no fossil record.
A) Convergent evolution
B) Comparison to vertebrate outgroups
C) Horizontal gene transfer
D) Molecular systematics
59) Molecular data can be used to assess relationships among the major groups of living
organisms whose common ancestors lived millions or billions of years ago. Similar techniques
can be used to assess relationships among populations within a species. How can molecular
techniques be useful for such varied comparisons?
A) Studying the relationships among different populations of a single species can be just as
effective as studying the relationships of major biological groups if you look at a lot more genes.
B) The same data can be used for any comparison with equal efficiency.
C) Faster-evolving gene sequences provide better data for comparisons among close relatives,
whereas very slowly evolving sequences work best for distantly related taxa.
D) The relationships between very different groups such as bacteria and whales are assessed
using mtDNA sequences, whereas rRNA sequences are used for very closely related groups.
60) Which of the following statements regarding genetics is false?
A) In keeping with our greater complexity, the human genome has about 100 times more genes
than that of yeast.
B) Gene duplication helps to explain how mammals can detect and discriminate among such a
wide range of odors.
C) About 99% of the genes of humans and mice are related by descent from a common ancestor.
D) The more recently two species have branched from a common ancestor, the more similar we
expect their DNA sequences to be.
61) How do scientists calibrate a molecular clock for a group of organisms with known
nucleotide sequences?
A) They measure protein differences. Evolutionary rates in proteins are well-known and can be
used to check results obtained using nucleotide sequences.
B) They use radioactive isotopes to measure the age of DNA material directly.
C) They graph the number of nucleotide differences against the dates of evolutionary branch
points known from the fossil record.
D) They analyze fossilized DNA of known age and compare its nucleotide sequences to modern
DNA sequences.
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62) Divergence time estimates based on molecular clocks are
A) best interpreted with caution, since they depend on assumptions that are difficult to test.
B) likely to be correct plus or minus a few decades.
C) usually worthless since we cannot directly observe divergence times unless we invent a time
machine.
D) more reliable than divergence dates that are based on analysis of the fossil record.
63) A/An ________ has been used to estimate that HIV-1 M first spread to humans in the 1930s.
A) parsimony analysis
B) epidemiological study
C) outgroup comparison
D) molecular clock
64) You compare homologous nucleotide sequences among several pairs of species with known
divergence times. A pair of species that diverged 1 million years ago has two nucleotide
differences, a pair that diverged 2 million years ago has four nucleotide differences, and a pair
that diverged 3 million years ago has six nucleotide differences. You have sequence data for
another pair of species for which the divergence time is unknown. There are five nucleotide
differences between them. Based on your clock, when did their line of ancestry diverge?
A) 3.5 million years ago
B) 3 million years ago
C) 2.5 million years ago
D) 2 million years ago
65) In the three-domain system, the eukaryotes are represented
A) only within the domain Eukarya.
B) only within the domain Archaea.
C) only within the kingdom Protista.
D) in all three domains.
66) The three-domain system
A) no longer recognizes eukaryotes as a monophyletic group.
B) subdivides the eukaryotes into two different domains.
C) subdivides the prokaryotes into two different domains.
D) separates plants, animals, and fungi into domains.
67) The branching “tree of life” analogy
A) accurately reflects evolution. Once a split occurs, species on different branches evolve
absolutely independently.
B) has been discredited because it does not help us understand evolutionary relationships among
organisms.
C) does not describe ecological interactions between species, so it should be replaced by the web
of life.
D) fails to account for horizontal gene transfer, in which species on different branches exchange
genes.
68) In 1942 a scientist testing part of a radar system discovered that a candy bar in his pocket had
melted. Intrigued, he tried placing an egg near the system he was working on; it exploded and
splattered him with hot egg. In this way it was discovered that part of the radar system could be
used to cook foods, which led to the development of the microwave oven. When this kind of
repurposing occurs in biological systems, it is called
A) paedomorphosis.
B) mutation.
C) exaptation.
D) adaptive radiation.
69) Which of the following is an example of exaptation?
A) Wings are longer in some birds than others.
B) Human middle ear bones are derived from ancestral gill arch tissue.
C) Wings of bats and wings of birds are homologous.
D) Mutation rates can increase at higher temperatures.
70) Which of the following would violate the assumptions of the molecular clock?
A) comparison of genes of a species that lives deep in the ocean with relatives that live on the
surface and are exposed to strong mutation-inducing ultraviolet radiation
B) comparison of genes for homologous structures across many species
C) comparison of many genes in many species of insects that undergo metamorphosis
D) assuming that organisms in competitive environments have the same rate of mutation as those
in noncompetitive environments
71) A disaster such as a meltdown in a nuclear power plant requires close examination of
potential impacts on organisms. Which of the following would be useful to biologists in such a
situation?
A) Use a molecular clock to compare of genes of a species that lives near the nuclear plant with
those of the same species thousands of miles away.
B) Measure continental drift to determine if the disaster had accelerated movement of continents.
C) Use radiometric dating to determine if new species are forming.
D) Examine the mutation rate of species in the area.
72) Biologists are studying two species whose DNA is known to differ by 10%. Knowledge of
which of the following would be least important in calibrating a molecular clock to determine
how rapidly evolution has proceeded with these two species?
A) the fossil record of these two species
B) a geological event that separated the species at a particular time.
C) the function of each of these regions of DNA
D) the time of divergence of closely related species
73) The first organisms on Earth were very small, but now when you look around you see many
large organisms. Which of the following is the best explanation for this observation?
A) Evolution tends toward larger and larger organisms.
B) There were many steps necessary to go from small cells to large organisms.
C) Organisms got larger because they needed to be larger in order to use resources more
efficiently.
D) The goal of evolution is to produce the largest organisms possible.
74) In 1865, a biologist, St. George Jackson Mivart, constructed an evolutionary tree of existing
primate species with many branches based on analysis of spinal columns. But to his dismay,
another tree based on limb comparison was quite different. Which of the following analyses
would be best to include today to determine which tree is more accurate?
A) comparison of genes that control development
B) comparison of eyes of primates
C) comparison of DNA sequences of primates
D) examination of evolutionary trees constructed by others.
15.2 Art Questions
1) According to this figure, if a species were found only in Laurasia 135 million years ago, on
which modern continents would its descendants most likely be found today?
A) North America only
B) Europe and Asia only
C) North America, Europe, and Asia
D) Africa and South America
2) According to this figure, during what time frame was there an adaptive radiation of
eutherians?
A) about 200 million years ago
B) about 170 million years ago
C) from 140 to 100 million years ago
D) from 100 million years ago to the present
3) Below are phylogenetic trees of vertebrates (A) and reptiles (B). Using the data in these
models, what might a Tyrannosaurus rex taste like?
(A)
(B)
A) beef steak
B) frog legs
C) chicken legs
D) pork chops
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This figure shows the hierarchy of classification of the cow, Bos primigenius.
4) The three boxes at the base of the hie24
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
rarchy represent
A) classes.
B) kingdoms.
C) domains.
D) phyla.
5) The greatest number of organisms would be found in
A) box A.
B) box B.
C) box E.
D) box I.
6) Bos primigenius, the name of the cow, represents
A) the domain and kingdom names, which go in boxes A and B, respectively.
B) the class and kingdom names, which go in boxes H and I, respectively.
C) the genus and species names, which go in boxes A and B, respectively.
D) the class and phylum names, which go in boxes H and I, respectively.
15.3 Scenario Questions
After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
The first fossil of Archaeopteryx, which lived about 150 million years ago, was found in the
Solnhofen Quarry in Germany. Archaeopteryx has an interesting collection of characters that led
to the hypothesis that it represented an evolutionary transition between modern-day birds and
small bipedal dinosaurs. The fossil reveals the imprint of feathers, which connect Archaeopteryx
to birds, although they do not present direct evidence of flight. Unlike birds, however,
Archaeopteryx was shown by the fossil record to have had teeth, functional claws on the wings
that may have been used for climbing trees or holding prey, and a long, bony tail. Birds have a
fused collarbone, which was found in Archaeopteryx as well. However, the structure of the
sternum differed between the two. In birds, the sternum is keeled (raised and slightly concave);
the keel of the sternum serves as an attachment site for the flight muscles. Archaeopteryx had a
flat sternum, similar to that found in reptiles.
1) The feathers of Archaeopteryx may have been used for flight. However, it is likely that they
were originally used for
A) insulation.
B) protection from predators.
C) nest building.
D) protection from parasites.
2) If you were constructing a phylogenetic tree for the evolution of birds, which characters found
in Archaeopteryx might provide evidence that birds and dinosaurs had a common ancestor?
A) feathers, wings, wishbone
B) teeth, feathers, keeled sternum
C) teeth, flat sternum, claws
D) keeled sternum, claws, long forelimbs