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33. Young children who exercise regularly
a. do not gain health benefits from their exercise program.
b. gain more protection from heart disease than do adolescent children who exercise.
c. have lower cholesterol levels than do children with no consistent exercise
program.
d. receive life-long protection against heart disease.
34. Two early studies that examined the association between physical activity and
cardiovascular disease found that
a. physically active men had lower rates of heart disease than sedentary men
b. physically active women had lower rates of heart disease than sedentary women
c. physically active men had lower rates of stroke than sedentary men
d. physically active men had lower rates of heart disease than physically active
women
35. A systematic review of the literature on the relationship between physical activity and
cardiovascular disease found that physical activity confers a _____ reduction in risk of
death due to cardiovascular causes.
a. 10%
b. 25%
c. 35%
d. 0%
36. Physical activity confers a ____ reduction in risk of death due to all causes.
a. 5%
b. 12%
c. 24%
d. 33%
37. Physically active people can expect to live, on average, ______ longer than physically
inactive people.
a. 2 years
b. 5 years
c. 10 years
d. 15 years
38. Moderate to high levels of physical activity may be able to reduce the incidence of lung
cancer
a. but not breast cancer.
b. and heart disease but not stroke.
c. in men but not in women.
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d. in both women and men, but the relationship is stronger for women.
39. Evidence is clearest that physical activity protects against _____ cancer in both men and
women.
a. colon
b. lung
c. stomach
d. skin
40. With regard to physical activity and breast cancer, evidence suggests that a sedentary
lifestyle
a. protects against breast cancer.
b. is unrelated to breast cancer.
c. may be more of a risk for some women than for others.
d. protects against breast cancer in men but not in women.
41. Exercise is MOST likely to protect against osteoporosis in
a. young women.
b. middle-aged and older women.
c. young men.
d. middle-aged men.
42. The optimal level of physical activity for someone wanting protection from osteoporosis
is
a. a moderate amount.
b. at least 20 miles of jogging per week or its equivalent.
c. at least 30 miles of running per week or its equivalent.
d. none.
43. Your great aunt Inez is a healthy 85-year-old who has led an essentially sedentary
lifestyle. Now she is thinking about walking in the shopping mall but comes to you for
advice. What would you tell her?
a. “Consult a trainer, who will probably tell you to start easy and gradually increase
both speed and distance.”
b. “Walking is not sufficiently vigorous. You should start jogging.”
c. “It’s too late to gain any benefit for physical activity.”
d. “Find a partner who will push you to raise your heart rate to 150 or above.”
44. Exercise may protect non-Caucasian women against _______ better than Caucasian
women.
a. breast cancer
b. colorectal cancer
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c. lung cancer
d. endometrial cancer
45. _______ is a disorder characterized by a reduction in bone density due to calcium loss.
a. Type II diabetes
b. Endometrial cancer
c. Osteoporosis
d. Atherosclerosis
46. Physical activity can be a useful treatment of _______ and may offer some protect
against the development of _________.
a. Type II diabetes; Type I diabetes
b. Type I diabetes; Type II diabetes
c. Type I diabetes; gestational diabetes
d. Type I diabetes; Type I diabetes
47. Evidence suggests that a regular exercise regimen can
a. decrease depression.
b. reduce anxiety.
c. buffer stress.
d. all of the above
48. Adults who participate in regular physical exercise show
a. greater attention.
b. greater executive functioning.
c. greater memory.
d. all of the above
49. Aerobic fitness training contributes to ___________ in older adults.
a. increases in brain volume
b. lower risk of Alzheimer’s disease
c. greater performance on standardized tests
d. all of the above
50. Children who are physically fit show
a. increases in brain volume.
b. greater planning abilities.
c. greater performance on standardized tests.
d. all of the above
51. Evidence that exercise protects against Type 2 diabetes
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a. is too inconsistent to allow any conclusion.
b. suggests that a little exercise has protective value, but moderate and vigorous
exercise do not.
c. suggests that exercise decreases the risk of developing this type of diabetes.
d. indicates that exercise cannot protect the people most vulnerable to diabetes.
52. The optimal time for beginning an exercise program is during
a. early childhood.
b. adolescence.
c. young adulthood, that is, 25 to 30.
d. middle age, that is, about 40 to 45.
53. Researchers have found that physical activity is associated with lower levels of
depression
a. in moderately depressed individuals.
b. in people being treated for depression.
c. similar to the effects of cognitive therapy.
d. all of these.
54. Studies on the effects of exercise on clinically depressed patients have generally found
that exercise
a. does not affect depression in clinically depressed patients.
b. can reduce depression but is less effective than individual psychotherapy.
c. can reduce depression but is less effective than group psychotherapy.
d. can reduce depression and is at least as effective as other forms of therapy.
55. What is the relationship between exercise and depression in clinical patients?
a. Isometric exercise decreases depression; aerobic exercise increases depression.
b. Endorphins released during exercise cause depression to increase.
c. Aerobic exercise is associated with a decrease in depression.
d. Group psychotherapy is superior to exercise for treating mild depression.
56. With regard to exercise and depression in a clinical population, research suggests that
a. exercise increases depression.
b. aerobic exercise can decrease depression.
c. isotonic exercise (weight lifting) can decrease depression.
d. exercise can decrease depression, but not to a degree that is clinically significant.
57. Research into the effects of exercise on anxiety have generally found that
a. aerobic exercise does not reduce state anxiety.
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b. weight lifting does not reduce anxiety.
c. both aerobic and nonaerobic exercise reduce state anxiety.
d. both a and b are true.
58. With regard to stress and exercise, research suggests that
a. exercise is ineffective in protecting stressed people from getting sick.
b. exercise provides a buffer against most diseases.
c. exercise can reduce stress and help people cope.
d. exercise probably increases stress, but it nevertheless acts as a buffer against
cancer and heart disease.
59. Mariah would likely be an obligatory exerciser if she
a. felt a need for mastery over her body.
b. denied when she felt pain.
c. had a single-minded commitment to endurance.
d. all of the above
60. A Surgeon General’s Report found that _____ of runners had experienced an injury in the
past year.
a. 20%
b. 40%
c. 50%
d. 75%
61. Most sudden deaths during exercise are the result of
a. inadequate clothing for weather conditions.
b. some type of pre-existing heart disease.
c. getting hit by cars.
d. not being physically fit enough.
62. Obligatory exercisers have more than their share of
a. eating problems.
b. divorces.
c. cardiovascular problems.
d. colon cancers.
63. Leonard’s coach suggests that he exercise through the pain he feels during basketball
workouts. The coach’s advice
a. is correct for isotonic exercise but not isokinetic exercise.
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b. will produce maximum pain tolerance with a minimum of muscle damage.
c. should increase muscular endurance but not muscle strength.
d. is based on an exercise myth and is bad advice.
64. Kermit wants to exercise with a minimum of injury. What precautions should he take?
a. He should limit exercise to temperatures between 30° and 80° F.
b. He should use proper shoes and equipment.
c. He should use a personal trainer.
d. He should not bother about any of the above because injury is not likely.
65. While jogging, sudden death due to cardiac arrest is
a. about as likely as during periods of rest.
b. more likely than during periods of rest.
c. less likely than during periods of rest.
d. not as likely as during tennis.
66. Children and adolescents who die during exercise are most likely to die from
a. stroke.
b. congenital heart abnormalities
c. stress.
d. blood clot.
67. In general, the minimum amount of exercise necessary for cardiovascular health is about
a. 20 to 30 minutes of brisk walking or jogging, 5 times a week.
b. 30 to 45 minutes of jogging, 5 or 6 times a week.
c. 30 to 45 minutes of jogging, 7 times a week.
d. 45 to 60 minutes of jogging, 5 to 7 times a week.
68. A panel of experts reviewed the evidence on how much exercise is enough and
recommended that every adult should
a. exercise vigorously at least 40 minutes a day, 6 days a week, plus complete
strength training.
b. engage in 45 minutes of aerobic exercise daily.
c. participate in 20 minutes of moderately vigorous activity 5 days a week, plus
strength training.
d. accumulate 60 minutes of moderate physical activity a day or at least on most
days.
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69. Current physical activity recommendations are that children and adolescents should
engage in
a. 1 hour of moderate to vigorous physical activity each day
b. 1.25 hours of moderate to vigorous physical activity per week
c. 30 minutes of moderate physical activity each week
d. 20 minutes of moderate physical activity each day
70. Current physical activity recommendations are that adults should engage in
a. 1 hour of moderate to vigorous physical activity each day
b. 1.25 hours of vigorous physical activity per week
c. 30 minutes of moderate physical activity each week
d. 20 minutes of moderate physical activity each day
71. Only _____ of adults in the US get regular physical activity.
a. 10%
b. 27%
c. 33%
d. 52
72. Which type of intervention seeks to raise public awareness of the importance and benefits
of physical activity?
a. informational interventions
b. behavioral interventions
c. social interventions
d. environmental interventions
73. Which type of intervention is beneficial for increasing knowledge of the benefits of
physical exercises but has not shown the same efficacy for getting individuals to adopt
physical activity?
a. informational interventions
b. behavioral interventions
c. social interventions
d. environmental interventions
74. Which type of intervention is a cost-effective intervention that shows it can actually
change people’s behavior?
a. mass media campaigns
b. “point of decision” prompts
c. environmental interventions
d. individually tailored programs
75. Which type of intervention aims to teach people the skills necessary for adoption and
maintenance of physical activity?
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a. informational interventions
b. behavioral interventions
c. social interventions
d. environmental interventions
76. Which type of intervention aims to create a social environment that makes for adoption
and maintenance of physical activity more successful?
a. informational interventions
b. behavioral interventions
c. social interventions
d. environmental interventions
77. School-based physical education programs _________ physical activity inside and
_________ physical activity outside of the school.
a. increase; decrease
b. decrease; increase
c. increase; do not increase
d. decrease; do not increase
78. Exercising with a friend or family member can help increase the amount of time you
spend on physical activity and, thus, ________ has been shown to increase a person’s
likelihood of staying physically active.
a. social support
b. self-esteem
c. depression
d. personal trainers
79. One problem of maintaining a physical activity regime is that once people stop for a few
days, they never start again. This is an example of
a. poor self-control.
b. abstinence violation effect.
c. environmental influences.
d. poor social support.
80. Children who live ___________ are more likely to be physically active and less likely to
be obese.
a. in cities
b. in rural settings
c. in neighborhoods with parks and playgrounds
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d. in warmer climates
True/False Questions
1. The most effective type of exercise for reducing the risk for cardiovascular disease is
anaerobic exercise.
2. Genetic factors play a larger role in organic fitness than in dynamic fitness.
3. Physically active children benefit from exercise more than physically active adults benefit.
4. Physical activity alone (that is, without diet) can produce weight loss.
5. Dieting alone (that is, without exercise) does not produce weight loss.
6. People who wish to lose weight in one specific part of their body (for example, the hips)
should understand that spot reduction does not work.
7. Some people begin an exercise program, lose inches in the waist and hips, but do not lose
weight. The best explanation for this is that they are building muscle and that muscle weighs
more than fat.
8. Physical activity may reduce some of the cognitive declines that come from aging.
9. Physical activity improves cholesterol ratios more by raising HDL than by lowering LDL.
10. Physically active people can expect to live, on average, 5 years longer than physically
inactive people.
11. Mass media campaigns are useful in promoting awareness of physical activity as well as
getting individuals to adopt and maintain their physical activity programs.
12. School-based physical education programs increase physical activity both inside and outside
of the school.
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Essay Questions
1. Evaluate the various types of exercise according to their contribution to different types of
fitness.
2. What is the role of exercise in weight control?
3. Discuss the cardiovascular benefits and risks of exercise. Are the cardiovascular benefits of
exercise sufficient to outweigh the risks?
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4. What are the psychological benefits of exercise?
5. What are some methods to improve adherence to physical activity?
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