True / False
1. Most juvenile arrests are for violent crimes.
a. True
b. False
2. Females constitute almost one-half of all juvenile arrests.
a. True
b. False
3. The “epidemic” of youth violence in the United States occurred simultaneously with an increase in drug arrests.
a. True
b. False
4. Youth gangs are not as great a problem today in American cities as they were in the past.
a. True
b. False
5. The idea that children should be treated differently than adults originated in the common law and courts of England.
a. True
b. False
6. The juvenile justice system in the United States did not develop until the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.
a. True
b. False
7. The “child savers” were a group of lower-class reformers who wanted to save children from life behind bars.
a. True
b. False
8. The juvenile justice system handles only delinquency cases: cases in which children are abused or neglected are not the
responsibility of the juvenile justice system.
a. True
b. False
9. The same behaviors, such as possession of alcohol, are classified as crimes whether committed by adults or juveniles.
a. True
b. False
10. Juveniles have always retained due process rights in the United States.
a. True
b. False
11. The standard of proof for juveniles to become classified as delinquents is “beyond a reasonable doubt.”
a. True
b. False
12. In theory, juvenile proceedings are designed to be nonadversarial.
a. True
b. False
13. Smoking cigarettes is a status offense for a juvenile.
a. True
b. False
14. The punitive period in juvenile justice was called the juvenile rights period.
a. True
b. False
15. Congress has declared that all offenses committed by juveniles are federal offenses.
a. True
b. False
16. In most U.S. states, the upper age limit of the juvenile court is 17.
a. True
b. False
17. Delinquent children often have committed offenses that would be classified as criminal if they were adults.
a. True
b. False
18. Seventy-five percent of the cases referred to juvenile court are delinquency cases.
a. True
b. False
19. The juvenile function of police work is concerned largely with order maintenance.
a. True
b. False
20. Juveniles waived to adult court may be sentenced to adult prisons.
a. True
b. False
21. A juvenile cannot waive his right to counsel or protection against self-incrimination.
a. True
b. False
22. One of the primary sanctioning goals of the juvenile justice system is deterrence.
a. True
b. False
23. A predominant goal in juvenile corrections is to avoid incarceration if possible.
a. True
b. False
24. A small percentage of juveniles are placed on probation and released to the custody of a parent or guardian.
a. True
b. False
25. According to the U.S. Supreme Court, it is constitutional for juvenile offenders to receive the sentence of life without
parole for nonhomicide offenses.
a. True
b. False
26. Gangs are not seen as one of the causes for the increase in youth crime.
a. True
b. False
27. One of the first explanations for the rise in youth crime was the “cohort” approach.
a. True
b. False
28. The most recent period of juvenile justice is the due process period.
a. True
b. False
29. During the crime control period punishments became harsher for juvenile repeat offenders.
a. True
b. False
30. The juvenile system handles cases based on the ages of youths.
a. True
b. False
Multiple Choice
31. Which of the following statements about the violent crime rate among juveniles today is TRUE?
a. It has returned to a lower level matching the 1985 rate.
b. It has returned to a higher level matching the 1970 rate.
c. It has continued to rise since 1988.
d. It has continued to decline since 1990.
e. It has stayed the same since 1995.
32. For which offense are juveniles most likely to be arrested?
a. vandalism
b. robbery
c. liquor laws
d. arson
e. stolen property
33. Which of the following has been suggested as an explanation for the rise in youth crime?
a. an increase in youth gangs
b. recruitment of juveniles into the drug trade
c. entertainment technology, such as violent video games
d. explicit and violent popular music
e. all of the these
34. This type of youth violence is related to the drug trade and causes fear in neighborhoods.
a. gang violence
b. family violence
c. school violence
d. work violence
e. institutional violence
35. The philosophy of institutionalization of deviants began in the United States during what time period?
a. industrial revolution
b. refuge
c. investigative reform
d. juvenile reform
e. justice reform
36. In England, the doctrine that allowed the courts to hold protective jurisdiction over all children was called:
a. judicial waiver.
b. parens patriae.
c. parens reus.
d. status offense.
e. parens choices.
37. Under common law, children were exempt from criminal responsibility until the age of:
a. 3
b. 5
c. 7
d. 10
e. 12
38. The refuge period of juvenile justice was characterized by:
a. a belief that children are naturally evil.
b. incarceration of children in reform schools.
c. the creation of the juvenile court.
d. a focus on juvenile rights.
e. the notion that “kids are different.”
39. The Massachusetts Stubborn Child Law was passed during what period?
a. Puritan
b. refuge
c. juvenile court
d. juvenile rights
e. due process
40. During this period, the rights of juveniles were expanded.
a. Puritan
b. refuge
c. juvenile court
d. juvenile rights
e. due process
41. The Supreme Court ruled in Kent v. United States (1966) that juveniles have the right to:
a. counsel
b. Miranda rights
c. due process
d. bail
e. jury
42. Which of the following statements about the due process rights of juveniles is TRUE?
a. Juveniles have none of the due process rights guaranteed to adults.
b. Juveniles have all of the due process rights guaranteed to adults.
c. Juveniles have all of the due process rights guaranteed to adults plus additional rights.
d. Juveniles have only some of the due process rights guaranteed to adults.
e. Juveniles have only one due process right, the right to a trial by jury.
43. The Supreme Court ruled in McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971) that juveniles do not have the right to:
a. counsel.
b. Miranda warnings.
c. due process.
d. bail.
e. jury.
44. The Supreme Court ruled in Breed v. Jones (1975) that juveniles are protected from being tried in both the adult court
and juvenile courts, which would be:
a. due process.
b. counsel.
c. a juvenile waiver.
d. double jeopardy.
e. jury.
45. Some behaviors, such as cigarette smoking and truancy are only criminal if committed by juveniles. These are called:
a. judicial waivers.
b. mala juvenilia.
c. statutory crimes.
d. status offenses.
e. juvenile crimes.
46. Which civil liberty did the U. S. Supreme Court extend to juveniles in its decision in Breed v. Jones (1975)?
a. the right to trial by jury
b. the right to an attorney
c. the right against unreasonable search and seizure
d. the privilege against self-incrimination
e. protection against double jeopardy
47. In which of the following cases did the U.S. Supreme Court depart from its previous trend toward increasing juvenile
rights by ruling that juveniles may be held in preventive detention before trial if they are deemed a risk to the community?
a. In re Gault (1967)
b. Schall v. Martin (1984)
c. Kent v. United States (1966)
d. In re Winship (1970)
e. McKeiver v. Pennsylvania (1971)
48. The Supreme Court case that began the “kids are different” period was:
a. In re Winship
b. Roper v. Simmons
c. McKeiver v. Pensylvania
d. Schall v. Martin
e. In re Gault
49. In Roper v. Simmons (2005), the Court ruled that executions were unconstitutional for those under the age of during
the commission of the crime:
a. 21
b. 18
c. 16
d. 15
e. 14
50. This is a procedure by which the juvenile court transfers a juvenile case to the adult criminal court.
a. adjudication
b. waiver
c. motion
d. objection
e. process
51. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Graham v. Florida that it was unconstitutional for juveniles to be sentenced to:
a. life.
b. life without parole.
c. capital punishment.
d. adult prisons.
e. intensive supervision probation.
52. Throughout the United States, the upper age limit for juvenile court jurisdiction typically varies between:
a. 12 and 14 years of age.
b. 14 and 16 years of age.
c. 16 and 18 years of age.
d. 18 and 20 years of age.
e. 10 and 12 years of age.
53. A child who has committed an act that if committed by an adult would be criminal would be a:
a. dependent child.
b. delinquent child.
c. neglected child.
d. status child.
e. ward of the court.
54. A person in need of supervision is referred to by this acronym.
a. SINSS
b. PINS
c. PNS
d. APINS
e. APINSS
55. What is the youngest age a juvenile can be waived to adult court in the United States?
a. 10
b. 12
c. 13
d. 14
e. there is no minimum age
56. What is the difference between a neglected and a dependent child?
a. A neglected child has a parent whereas a dependent child does not.
b. A neglected child has been abandoned whereas a dependent child has been abused.
c. A neglected child has parents who have mistreated the child, whereas a dependent child either does not have
parents or has a parent incapable of providing care.
d. A neglected child either does not have parents or has a parent incapable of providing care, whereas a dependent
child has parents who have mistreated the child.
e. A neglected child is not receiving proper care because of some action or inaction of his parents, whereas a
dependent child either has no parent or guardian or has parents who cannot provide proper care.
57. In its original, underlying philosophy, the juvenile justice system is primarily concerned with the interests and needs
of the:
a. parents.
b. police.
c. judge.
d. child.
e. correctional officers.
58. The process of screening children out of the system without a decision is called a:
a. waiver.
b. disposition.
c. diversion.
d. probation.
e. forfeiture.
59. The juvenile court processing of delinquency cases typically begins with a(n):
a. intake hearing.
b. petition.
c. disposition.
d. diversion.
e. detention hearing.
60. What percentage of delinquency cases involves detention between referral to the juvenile court and the disposition of
the case?
a. 20
b. 30
c. 40
d. 50
e. 60
61. If a juvenile is to be imprisoned pending trial, most states require a(n):
a. intake hearing.
b. petition.
c. disposition.
d. diversion.
e. detention hearing.
62. Arrest is to referral as sentencing is to:
a. adjudication.
b. sentencing.
c. detention.
d. disposition.
e. parole.
63. How many cases does the American juvenile court system deal with each year?
a. 1 million
b. 1.2 million
c. 1.4 million
d. 1.6 million
e. 1.8 million
64. Before passing a sentence the judge will receive this type of report from a probation officer.
a. predispositional
b. disposition
c. offender
d. status
e. informational
65. Which of the following is NOT a sentencing option for juvenile court judges?
a. probation
b. alternative dispositions
c. custodial care
d. community treatment
e. work release
66. The majority of juveniles found delinquent are sentenced to:
a. incarceration.
b. intermediate sanctions.
c. custodial care.
d. probation.
e. boot camp.
67. Fifteen percent of juveniles receive this as a punishment.
a. incarceration
b. intermediate sanctions
c. custodial care
d. probation
e. boot camp
68. In the United States, public opinion most strongly favors which of the following in dealing with delinquent juveniles?
a. a rehabilitative emphasis
b. a punitive emphasis
c. a protective emphasis
d. a retributive emphasis
e. an incarcerative emphasis
69. How have the conservative crime control policies that have affected the adult criminal justice system influenced
children in training schools and detention centers?
a. they have caused undercrowding in juvenile institutions
b. they have led to increased litigation challenging the abuse of children
c. they have led to lower rates of minority youth incarceration
d. all of these
e. none of these
70. With technology becoming ever more pervasive, how are juveniles now committing more crimes?
a. violently
b. online
c. in the evening
d. regularly
e. none of these
71. Research into reasons for the rise of youth crime have suggested all of the following as possible explanations
EXCEPT:
a. the cohort approach.
b. the presence of super predators.
c. environmental factors.
d. lowering divorce rates.
e. the effect of more numerous gangs.
72. The __________ view explains that the increase in violence was due to an increase in the prevalence of exceptionally
violent individuals.
a. gangs
b. super predators
c. environmental
d. lowering divorce rates