Peter G. Northouse, Leadership: Theory and Practice, Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource
53. In 2014, what percentage of privately owned businesses were women owned?
a. 75%
b. 15%
c. 40%
d. 20%
54. Which of the following statements is false?
a. Women are showing a greater presence in top leadership positions.
b. Men earn more bachelor’s degrees than women.
c. Women still have less employment continuity than men.
d. Organizations with women heading them have more financial success.
55. Human capital differences for women include all the following except
a. Developmental opportunities.
b. Work-home conflict.
c. Self-promotion.
d. Education.
56. What scholar(s) used meta-analysis to research gender and leadership style?
a. Eagly and Carli
b. Heilman
c. Bowles and McGinn
d. Powell and Vecchio
57. Norma and Joel work in a legal firm. They both are aware of a potential promotion coming
up soon. In the last project they did, Joel put most of the paperwork on Norma, and she gladly
took on the extra workload. However, when their boss was complimenting the project, Norma let
Joel take the credit and acted as if they both did the same amount of work. This is an example of
what advancement barrier for Norma?
a. Gender stereotypes
b. Work experience
c. Developmental opportunities
d. Self-promotion
58. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Men earn more bachelor’s degrees than women.
b. Thirty percent of the US Congress is made up of women.
c. Women make up 50% of people in managerial/professional positions.
d. Women have as much work experience and job continuity as men.
59. Dora is in charge of the third-shift cashiers at 24-hour superstore. She has worked there for 5
years and recently found out there is an opportunity to make more money if she can move to the
stock room and manage the employees there. Dora goes to her boss, Gary, and asks if she can be
considered for the transfer and promotion. Gary tells Dora, “Sorry, we really need someone that
can lift and throw stock around, so I’m going to give it to one of our guys.” What advancement
barrier is Dora facing?
a. Developmental opportunities
b. Gender stereotypes
c. Style and effectiveness
d. Negotiation
60. Which of the following is not listed as a gender difference in the leadership labyrinth?
a. Self-promotion
b. Cross-pressures
c. Style and effectiveness
d. Commitment and motivation
61. According to the leadership labyrinth, which of the following is a characteristic of prejudice?
a. Work-home conflict
b. Cross-pressures
c. Style and effectiveness
d. Work experience
62. In what decade did researchers start paying attention to issues of gender and leadership?
a. 1960s
b. 1970s
c. 1980s
d. 1990s
63. What characteristic is considered a gender stereotype of women?
a. Independence
b. Rationality
c. Decisiveness
d. Helpfulness
64. According to research, which of the following is not a described level of promoting
leadership effectiveness?
a. Interpersonal level
b. Organizational level
c. Governmental level
d. Individual level
Multiple Selection
65. Which of the following are cultural changes many organizations are making that should help
women navigate the labyrinth?
a. The notion of uninterrupted full-time careers
b. Separation of work and family is being challenged
c. Male role models are becoming more feminized
Peter G. Northouse, Leadership: Theory and Practice, Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource
d. Challenges to the male model of work
66. Women earn more
a. Masters degrees than men
b. Bachelors degrees than men
c. Law degrees than men
d. Money in mid-management than men
67. Developmental experiences that help people achieve top leadership positions include
a. Male bonding opportunities
b. Nepotism
c. Inclusion in key networks
d. Effective mentoring relationships
68. Which of the following factors are supported in research that keep women in the leadership
labyrinth?
a. Women have less work experience than men
b. Women have less college education than men
c. Women have more career interruptions than men
d. Women opt out of the leadership track for the “mommy track”
69. Men were found to be more effective than women
a. When in gender neutral leadership roles
b. When in middle-management positions
c. In military leadership positions
d. In masculinized leadership positions
70. When women use negotiation tactics to promote themselves in obtaining leadership positions
a. They are seen as unhirable
b. They face greater social costs than men
c. They are viewed positively by men
d. They are typically successful
71. In which of the following ways does empirical research support small differences in
leadership styles and effectiveness between men and women?
a. Women are less effective in leading than men
b. Women are slightly more effective than men in more feminine leadership positions
c. Men use more democratic and participatory styles than women
d. Men are slightly more effective than women in more masculine leadership positions
72. Which of the following is an agentic characteristic?
a. Sensitivity
b. Helpfulness
c. Independence
d. Decisiveness
73. The result of gender-biased stereotypes is
a. Less favorable attitudes toward females than males
b. Males who appear more feminine are viewed favorably
c. Greater difficulty for females to be effective in leadership roles
d. Masculine leadership is a non-issue for both genders
74. What are the two types of responses women have when faced with gender-based leadership
stereotypes?
a. Engage in emotional communication behaviors
b. Demonstrate vulnerability by assimilating to the stereotype
c. Engage in stereotype-countering behaviors
d. Confidence level in decision making is reduced
75. Empirical evidence of gender stereotypes reveals that these stereotypes
a. Are less deleterious to males
b. Alter the perception and evaluation of female leaders
c. Alter the perception and evaluation of male leaders
d. Directly affect women aspiring to leadership roles
76. What factors have been found successful in reducing the negative impact of the leadership
gap for women leaders?
a. Flexibility in work-life balance
b. Challenges to the male model of work
c. Gender pay gap reductions
d. Parity in spousal support of high-level leadership roles
77. Women could still be perceived as warm and as leaders with high-level potential by
a. Combining transactional and servant leadership styles
b. Combining agentic and communal characteristics
c. Using authoritative and achievement leader behaviors
d. Using transformational leadership behaviors
78. What needs to happen in order for women to achieve elite leadership roles in the workforce?
a. Greater equity in domestic responsibilities
b. Changes in workplace norms
c. Greater equity in the gender pay gap
d. Greater involvement by women to help women into these roles
79. The gender gap in influential leadership positions
a. Is non-existent in modern leadership in Western contexts
b. Is starting to close
c. Is still in existence
d. Has not changed in the last 25 years
Peter G. Northouse, Leadership: Theory and Practice, Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource
True/False
80. Men earn more master’s degrees than women.
a. True
b. False
81. Women occupy far fewer management and professional positions in American organizations.
a. True
b. False
82. Women use interpersonal leadership styles more than men.
a. True
b. False
83. Men have more communal characteristics than women.
a. True
b. False
84. Women respond to multiple gender-based leadership stereotypes with reactive behaviors
rather than vulnerability behaviors.
a. True
b. False
85. The number of women who successfully navigate the labyrinth is on the rise.
a. True
b. False
86. The majority of organizational research applies equally well to people of all colors, abilities,
and sexual orientations.
a. True
b. False
87. The research on female and male leadership has generally tended to focus on establishing
differences between women and men.
a. True
b. False
88. Research data suggests the glass ceiling is beginning to crack.
a. True
b. False
89. Developing and promoting women leaders are in the best interest of employers.
a. True
b. False
90. Meta-analysis shows that women and men leaders have many similarities.
a. True
b. False
91. When both genders use an autocratic, directive leadership style, females are evaluated
differently than men.
a. True
b. False
92. Studies have shown that men are less effective than women when they supervise a higher
proportion of male subordinates.
a. True
b. False
93. Meta-analysis shows that women are substantially more effective than men in middle-
management positions.
a. True
b. False
94. Research shows that male leaders tend to have better-developed social skills than female
leaders.
a. True
b. False
95. Many studies have shown that organizations often have higher standards of performance and
effort for women.
a. True
b. False
96. Women are stereotyped with agentic characteristics.
a. True
b. False
97. Women are less likely than men to try to negotiate for what they want.
a. True
b. False
Essay
98. What evidence is there for the existence of a glass ceiling?
99. Explain the “pipeline” argument regarding women’s advancement to leadership positions and
offer evidence to support or refute it.
100. Explain how stereotype assimilation and stereotype reactance relate to women’s leadership
performance.
101. Describe the social costs that women leaders experience for promoting themselves.
102. Discuss the meaning of this statement: “Gender biases can be particularly detrimental in the
decision-making processes for selecting elite leaders, given that the generally unstructured nature
of those decisions allows biased decisions without accountability.”
103. Why should men be concerned about the labyrinth of women’s leadership?