Peter G. Northouse, Leadership: Theory and Practice, Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource
Multiple Choice
1. Which statement is true about women and leadership?
a. Women are less effective leaders compared with men
b. Women are not in high level leadership positions
c. Women are underrepresented in elite leadership positions
d. Women all lead differently than men
2. Women occupy what approximate percentage of all management and professional positions in
American organizations?
a. 10%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 70%
3. Women hold how many Fortune 500 CEO positions
a. 4%
b. 12%
c. 17%
d. 18.5%
4. The number of women of color in US Congress is
a. Higher than white males
b. Lower than white females
c. Higher than all males
d. Fifty percent of all women in Congress
5. An alternative to the glass ceiling metaphor and perhaps a more accurate description of the
leadership labyrinth is described as
a. Women not in the lower-level pipeline
b. The glass cliff
c. Difficulty of women to gain leadership positions at all levels of leadership
d. The glass escalator
6. A global phenomenon whereby women are disproportionately concentrated in lower-level and
lower-authority leadership positions is the definition of
a. The leadership jungle gym
b. The global gender gap
c. The human capital gender gap
d. The gender gap in leadership
7. Which statement describes the pipeline of women in the workforce?
a. Women lack the training and human capital that prepares them for upper management
b. Men have better training and human capital than women, which prepares them for upper
management
c. Women have the training and human capital that prepares them for upper management
d. Training and human capital is not an issue with the leadership labyrinth
8. Which is true of human capital differences that affect the labyrinth?
a. Women assume more responsibility for domestic duties than men
b. Men are assuming fewer domestic duties and child-rearing roles
c. Women are less interested in leadership roles
d. Men leave leadership roles often to take on more domestic duties
9. The gender leadership gap occurs because
a. Women choose the “mommy track”
b. Women using flexible time are often marginalized
c. Women are not in the pipeline
d. Women do not possess the right leadership skills
10. Women who are promoted to leadership positions that place them in precarious situations
with greater risk are in positions called the
a. Glass ceiling
b. Glass labyrinth
c. Glass window
d. Glass cliff
11. In a meta-analysis by Eagly and Johnson, women were found to lead
a. In a more interpersonal style than men
b. In a less task-oriented style than men
c. In a more democratic style than men
d. In a more egalitarian style than men
12. When women use a more masculine manner of leadership
a. Their leadership was devalued
b. Their leadership was viewed positively
c. Their leadership was viewed as ineffective
d. Their leadership was viewed as effective
13. When studying gender differences in transformational leadership, which statement is true?
a. Men use more transformational leadership
b. Women using transformational leadership are highly valued
c. Women engage in more contingent reward than men
d. Men are devalued when using transformational leadership
14. In middle management positions where communal interpersonal skills are highly valued
a. Men were seen as more effective than women
b. Men and women were seen as equally effective
c. Women were seen as more effective than men
d. Effectiveness was not determined
15. High level of interpersonal skills in mid-level management is consistent with the principles in
which leadership model?
a. Katz’s Skills Model
b. Blake and Mouton’s Leadership Grid
c. The Practical Authentic Leadership Model
d. The Full Model of Transformational Leadership
16. Women were found to be more effective than men
a. When in gender neutral leadership roles
b. When in middle-management positions
c. In military leadership positions
d. In masculine role leadership positions
17. A barrier to women’s advancement in leadership positions is
a. Women’s lack of interest in assuming high level leadership positions
b. Women have less motivation to lead
c. Women are more likely than men to view their roles as workers as secondary to their roles as
parents and partners
d. Women are less likely to promote themselves for leadership positions
18. Common gender stereotypes in the leadership gender gap are
a. Men take care, women take charge
b. Women take care, men take charge
c. Women do not support other women
d. Women use more power-oriented leadership styles
19. Cognitive shortcuts that influence the way people process information regarding groups and
group members are defined as
a. Stereotypes
b. Prejudices
c. Ethnocentrism
d. Agentics
20. “Men just seem to be naturally better at leadership than women; that’s just a fact!” This
statement is an example of
a. Prejudice
b. Gender egalitarianism
c. Institutional collectivism
d. Diversity
21. Which of the following is a communal characteristic?
a. Sensitivity
b. Confidence
c. Assertiveness
d. Rationality
22. Gender-biased prejudice is defined as
a. Bias based on known fact about gender differences
b. Bias based on the typically male gender leadership roles
c. Bias based on the typically female gender leadership roles
d. Bias based on gender stereotypical characteristics
23. When we use gender stereotypes in interactions with others
a. Females benefit
b. Males benefit
c. It often leads to biased judgments
d. We solve gender-based problems using facts
24. Applying role congruity theory, which is true about women in leadership roles?
a. Their stereotypical agentic leadership results in more promotion to leadership roles
b. Their stereotypical communal leadership results in prejudice against female leaders
c. Males’ stereotypical communal leadership results in prejudice against female leaders
d. Males’ stereotypical agentic leadership is inconsistent with female leadership promotion
25. A tendency for a group to reproduce itself in its own image is the definition of
a. Homosocial reproduction
b. Gender stereotyping
c. Agentic behavior
d. Communal behavior
26. The bottom line of gender stereotypes for women in leadership roles is
a. Women appear more masculine than feminine
b. Women need to appear masculine, but not too manly
c. Women need to appear feminine and communal
d. Women are perceived as less able to complete high-level leadership roles
27. Which is not a stereotype of gender influences on leadership?
a. Females are sometimes too masculine
b. Females are sometimes not feminine enough
c. Males have more communal characteristics
d. Males have more agentic characteristics
28. Women respond to the gender-based leadership stereotype by
a. Decreasing use of communal characteristics
b. Using more agentic characteristics
c. Decreasing use of power over followers
d. Avoiding conflicts in the workplace
29. Responses women have to gender-based stereotypes depend on which of the following
factors?
a. Degree to which the followers engage in emotionally intelligent behaviors
b. The followers’ self-efficacy
c. The power the leader holds
d. Experience the leader has in dealing with gender bias
30. When women experience multiple gender-based threats, they are likely to respond with
a. Self-efficacy
b. Stereotype-countering behaviors
c. Reactance
d. Deleterious vulnerability
31. Supportive mentoring and networking for women are helpful in
a. Reducing the gender pay gap
b. Increasing female leadership power
c. Reducing the need for women to take maternity leave
d. Reducing the leadership gap
32. What is one difficulty women have in achieving higher-level leadership positions?
a. Lack of ability to run their own businesses
b. Negotiating for valued positions
c. Using too many communal characteristics
d. Using too many agentic characteristics
33. What percentage of all privately owned businesses are owned by women?
a. 10%
b. 20%
c. 30%
d. 40%
34. Many of the difficulties women face in navigating the labyrinth stem from
a. Male dominance behaviors
b. The incongruity in gender roles and the leadership role
c. A lack of education and experience
d. Women’s inability to be successful at upper-leadership roles
35. The double standard women face in leadership roles is
a. They must be competent and appropriately female
b. They must be competent and appropriately masculine
c. They must be educated and communal
d. They must be educated and agentic
36. Which style of leadership is beneficial for women to use if they want to successfully navigate
the leadership labyrinth?
a. Authentic
b. Servant
c. Transformational
d. Team style in the Leadership Grid
37. Why is it proposed that women using transformational leadership is beneficial to women
aspiring to high-level leadership roles?
a. Transformational leadership includes contingent reward, which women use often
b. Transformational leadership is similar to servant leadership, which is highly valued by
followers
c. Transformational leadership is motivational and keeps women leaders motivated to achieve
higher-level leadership positions
d. Transformational leadership is not a markedly masculine style of leadership
38. A strength of studying the research on gender and leadership is
a. The inequity in gender pay is a significant factor keeping women from elite leadership roles
b. Contemporary notions of effective leadership styles is now more feminine
Peter G. Northouse, Leadership: Theory and Practice, Seventh Edition: Instructor Resource
c. Contemporary notions of effective leadership styles is now more androgynous
d. The inequity in female-owned private businesses clearly impacts the gender leadership gap
39. Research has found that gender bias and leadership
a. Is overt
b. Is subtle
c. Is predominantly masculine
d. Is predominantly feminine
40. A criticism of the gender and leadership discussion is
a. The research on gender stereotypes is focused on males
b. The research on gender stereotypes is focused on females
c. There is little research about stereotypes between the genders
d. Studying the gender demographic alone limits the understanding of leadership in other
diversity demographics
41. Research on gender and leadership has been conducted primarily in
a. Western contexts
b. The United States of America
c. Eastern European contexts
d. Southeast Asian contexts
42. What is not a result found by meta-analysis on characteristics and behaviors of female and
male leaders?
a. Women devalued when they worked in male-dominated environments.
b. Women devalued when the evaluators were men.
c. Women evaluated favorably when they used directive or autocratic styles.
d. Women led in a more democratic style than men.
43. A meta-analysis comparing the effectiveness of female and male leaders found all of these
except
a. Overall, women and men were equally effective leaders.
b. Women and men were more effective in leadership roles congruent with their gender.
c. Men were more effective than women in government and education organizations.
d. Women led in a more democratic style than men.
44. In the area of human capital differences, what is not true for women?
a. They have fewer responsibilities in the same jobs as men.
b. They confront greater barriers to establish mentor relationships.
c. They occupy more than half of all management and professional positions.
d. They tend to self-select themselves out of leadership tracks.
45. Factor(s) that contribute to leadership effectiveness and rise of female leaders include all of
the following except
a. Organizational culture is changing.
b. Greater negotiation power for women.
c. Higher effectiveness when the majority of subordinates are men.
d. Effectiveness and predominance of women-owned businesses.
46. Research on transformational leadership did not find that
a. All four components of transformational leadership are positively related to leadership
effectiveness.
b. Men tend to engage in more contingent reward behavior than women.
c. Women tend to engage in more contingent reward behavior than men.
d. Men’s styles tend to be less transformational than women’s.
47. Which of the following leadership traits or skills is more likely to belong to men than to
women?
a. Intelligence
b. Initiative
c. Persuasiveness
d. Authoritative
48. According to research, when a woman leader encounters gender-leader stereotypes, her likely
response
a. Is to ignore it if it is an isolated gender stereotype threat.
b. Is to push back more strongly if the threats are combined.
c. Is to seek support from a more powerful leader in the organization.
d. Is to display a vulnerable response if the threats are combined.
49. According to research, one way women can advance in leadership is
a. By blending individualized consideration with inspirational motivation.
b. By strongly resisting stereotype threats.
c. By acting masculine and assertive, and not in feminine ways.
d. By leading in a more democratic manner than men.
50. Due to researchers identifying problems with the term glass ceiling, an alternative metaphor
now used is
a. Glass escalator.
b. Leadership labyrinth.
c. Whirlpool effect.
d. Corporate cupboard.
51. Which of the following is not a cited reason for women’s underrepresentation in leadership
roles?
a. Human capital
b. Gender differences
c. Prejudice
d. Intelligence
52. In the “promoting leadership effectiveness” model, what is a listed goal at the interpersonal
level?
a. Decreasing gender stereotypes
b. Organizational changes
c. Using effective leadership styles
d. Gender equity in domestic responsibilities