Chapter 15 People Defining Development
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Culture change that occurs through contact is referred to as __________.
A) confusion
B) transfusion
C) structural adjustment
D) diffusion
2. Seventeenth-century European ideas of secular rationalism and the inevitable advance of scientific thinking were
the bases for which model of change?
A) human development
B) distribution-based development
C) modernization
D) diffusion
3. Distributional development __________.
A) considers GNP an important indicator of project success
B) views increased consumption of nonessential goods as an indicator of success
C) focuses on equity in the distribution of benefits
D) is based on trickle-down economic theory
4. World Bank requirements that loan-recipient countries adjust their spending away from social programs such as
education and health are called __________.
A) structural adjustment
B) structurism
C) adjustment of the project cycle
D) cultural appraisal
5. Which of the following priorities is most closely associated with the human development approach to
development?
A) retention of nonrenewable resources
B) projects that increase GDP
C) personal safety
D) equity
6. A major lesson gained from the study of change among the Saami is __________.
A) the need to do social impact assessments before introducing new technology
B) the need to do environmental impact assessments before all projects
C) that women benefited more than men from the introduction of technology
D) that sustainable development is best achieved through World Bank projects
7. Kerala, India, provides a successful example of which approach to development?
A) economic growth approach
B) structural adjustment
C) industrialization
D) distributional approach
8. A major bilateral aid organization is __________.
A) World Bank
B) United States Agency for International Development
C) United Nations
D) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
9. Which of the following is an effect of the World Bank’s supposed neutral stance with regard to the power
structure of a recipient country?
A) Virtually all loans are offered “untied” to particular projects.
B) Loans are offered without regard to human rights issues.
C) Funds are split equally between infrastructure investment and micro-credit loans.
D) Utilities are only invested in if the managing company is state-owned.
10. The peyizan yo are __________.
A) refugees
B) farmers
C) emigrants
D) plantation workers
11. The first phase of the project cycle is __________.
A) project implementation
B) project design
C) budget assessment
D) project identification
12. In the early stages of development anthropology, anthropologists were typically hired to work in which phase of
the project cycle?
A) project evaluation
B) project implementation
C) project design
D) project identification
13. Basic Ecclesiastical Community’s (BEC’s) attempt to build social solidarity among scavengers in Cebu City, the
Philippines, failed mainly because the __________.
A) scavengers are so poor
B) project was not well-funded
C) project had not been pilot-tested before implementation
D) planning committee did not involve women
14. Gerald Murray helped the United States Agency for International Development address problems with
reforestation projects in Haiti by __________.
A) conducting an environmental impact analysis
B) involving women as participants
C) replacing the reforestation project with a health clinic
D) improving cultural fit
15. Which of the following is a basis on which the United Nations distinguishes indigenous groups from ethnic
minorities?
A) population size
B) mode of livelihood
C) geographic originality
D) per-capita income
16. The newest and largest of Canada’s provinces is __________.
A) Kalaalit Nunaat
B) Nunavut
C) Northwest Territories
D) Baffin Island
17. Eddie Koiko Mabo used what approach to securing native title for the Miriam?
A) peaceful demonstrations
B) gaining the support of the United Nations
C) starting a grassroots organization
D) taking the issue to the Australian court
18. The male bias in development planning and projects refers to the __________.
A) exclusion of women from many development projects
B) tendency for family planning projects to target men rather than women
C) tendency for development experts to emphasize the importance of schooling for boys more than for girls
D) greater number of men than women hired to work for large development organizations such as the World Bank
19. Women’s organizations for change __________.
A) mirror the “male bias in development” by leaving out issues important to poor women
B) are primarily initiated and led by elite women
C) include informal support networks
D) are focused completely on domestic (home) issues such as child care
20. Women vendors in San Cristóbal, Mexico, faced problems related to __________.
A) their Maya heritage
B) competition from large multinational retailers
C) the lack of traditional kin ties in the city
D) decreased demand for traditional foods
21. The Society of Muslim Women (SMW) in Kazakhstan was formed to address the issue of __________.
A) domestic violence
B) malnutrition
C) secularization
D) achieving equal education for girls
22. Life projects promote development through __________.
A) more bilateral aid for projects
B) a greater role for the United Nations
C) emphasis on health-care projects
D) giving priority to local people’s aspirations
23. The resource over which violence exists in the Niger Delta is __________.
A) oil
B) diamonds
C) coltan
D) gold
24. Ken Saro-Wiwa was __________.
A) influential in developing micro-credit projects
B) the first indigenous leader to be employed by Shell Oil
C) an Ogoni martyr
D) the first African to work for the World Bank
25. Angkor Wat is threatened by __________.
A) a nearby dam
B) physical degradation due to tourists
C) urban sprawl
D) sectarian violence
TRUE/FALSE
26. Investment in economic growth is the primary strategy of the United Nations’ approach called “human
development.”
27. Social capital refers to money earned from small-scale development projects such as micro-credit schemes.
28. The United States Agency for International Development is a bilateral aid institution.
29. The last stage of the project cycle is project evaluation.
30. Attempts to change the economy of the highland peoples of Thailand through alternative farming practices or
relocation have been largely successful.
31. Thanks to efforts of the United Nations, we now have accurate demographic statistics on indigenous peoples.
32. In general, countries of Asia have taken the lead in ensuring indigenous people’s traditional rights to land and
other resources.
33. In Africa, political interests of state governments in establishing and enforcing territorial boundaries have
created difficulties, especially for mobile populations such as foragers and pastoralists.
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34. The government of Australia has made substantial progress recently in recognizing Aboriginal territorial rights.
35. A major issue facing indigenous people in the Niger Delta is the presence of large oil companies.
ESSAY
36. Define the terms invention and diffusion and identify one example of each within the context of development.
37. Define the term development and describe two examples of approaches to it.
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38. Define social impact assessment and analyze why it is important.
39. Summarize the history of anthropologists in international development including a description of the differences
between traditional development anthropology and critical development anthropology.
40. Summarize how indigenous people are defined and describe two ways their way of life may be threatened by
development.
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41. Explain the male bias in development. Using examples from the text or hypothetical examples, explain two ways
it plays out in the design or implementation of a development project.
42. Describe the Society of Muslim Women in terms of its formation, goals, and approach. Identify how one of its
characteristics is the product of the members’ local cultural beliefs or values.
43. Define the concept of development aggression and describe two ethnographic examples of it.
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44. Describe the goals of a life project and analyze how that approach differs from traditional development projects.
45. Discuss how cultural heritage preservation relates to development.