Chapter 15 – Fluid and Acid Base Balance
1. What exists when the gains via input for a substance exceed its losses via output?
a.
equilibrium
b.
a negative balance
c.
a positive balance
d.
a net pool loss
e.
homeostasis
c
15.1 Balance Concept
HUPH.SHER.16.15.1.2 – Explain how a balance of the ECF constituents is maintained
2. What compound is incorporated into hemoglobin, but released back into body fluids when red blood cells degenerate?
a.
calcium
b.
hydrogen
c.
sodium
d.
iron
e.
magnesium
3. How is glucose stored within the body?
a.
within red blood cells
b.
as glycogen
c.
within the pancreas
d.
as insulin
e.
within the extracellular fluid
4. What components are primarily lost from the body with sweating and vomiting?
a.
water, salt, and hydrogen ions
b.
water, acid, and magnesium
c.
water, iron, and glucose
d.
water, calcium, and bicarbonate ions
e.
water, glucose, and acid
a
15.1 Balance Concept
HUPH.SHER.16.15.1.2 – Explain how a balance of the ECF constituents is maintained
5. On average, what percent of body weight is water?
a.
80%
b.
60%
c.
50%
d.
40%
e.
30%
6. The main reason for the wide range in body H2O among individuals is their variable amount of:
a.
dietary protein
b.
pH
c.
minerals
d.
muscle mass
e.
adipose tissue (fat)
7. What type of tissue contains the least amount of water?
a.
bone
b.
muscle
c.
skin
d.
fat
e.
connective tissue
8. How much water resides in the intracellular fluid compartment?
a.
about 1/3
b.
about half
c.
about 2/3
d.
about 3/4
e.
about 90%
9. What type of fluid is cerebrospinal fluid?
a.
transcellular
b.
lymph
c.
intracellular
d.
extracellular
e.
interstitial
10. What is the barrier between plasma and interstitial fluid?
a.
blood vessel walls
b.
the skin
c.
cell membrane
d.
interstitial space
e.
spinal canal
a
15.2 Fluid Balance
HUPH.SHER.16.15.2 – Discuss the significance of fluid balance in the body
11. What are the two factors that are regulated to maintain fluid balance in the body?
a.
salt concentration and blood pressure
b.
body temperature and blood pressure
c.
ECF pH and ICF pressure
d.
ICF volume and ICF osmolarity
e.
ECF volume and ECF osmolarity
12. Sodium and chloride ions account for what percentage of the ECF osmotic activity?
a.
100%
b.
at least 90%
c.
75%
d.
50%
e.
10%
15.2 Fluid Balance
Chapter 15 – Fluid and Acid Base Balance
13. What sort of dietary strategy creates a physiological need for salt or “salt hunger”?
a.
carnivorous
b.
omnivorous
c.
avoidance of dairy
d.
herbivorous
e.
avoidance of fruit
14. What are the three ways that the body loses or excretes salt?
a.
exhaling, sweat, and vomit
b.
exhaling, urine, and sweat
c.
sweat, feces, and urine
d.
inhaling, urine, and sweat
e.
inhaling, feces, and vomit
15. What is the normal average daily output for urine?
a.
0.5 L
b.
1.5 L
c.
3 L
d.
5 L
e.
20 L
15.2 Fluid Balance
HUPH.SHER.16.15.2.5 – Compare ECF hypertonicity to ECF hypotonicity
16. What does over-hydration create in the ECF?
a.
hypotonicity
b.
hypertonicity
c.
isotonicity
Chapter 15 – Fluid and Acid Base Balance
d.
increased solute
e.
increased sodium ions
a
15.2 Fluid Balance
HUPH.SHER.16.15.2.5 – Compare ECF hypertonicity to ECF hypotonicity
17. Where is the thirst center of the brain located?
a.
pons
b.
brain stem
c.
medulla
d.
hypothalamus
e.
pineal gland
18. The predominant excitatory input for both vasopressin secretion and thirst comes from:
a.
pineal gland sensors
b.
thalamic hormones
c.
ECF electrolyte sensors
d.
pituitary osmoreceptors
e.
hypothalamic osmoreceptors
19. How can consumption of alcohol and/or caffeine lead to ECF hypertonicity?
a.
They stimulate adrenal hormone secretion.
b.
They inhibit adrenal hormone secretion.
c.
They inhibit vasopressin secretion.
d.
They stimulate vasopressin secretion.
e.
They slowly destroy the hypothalamus.
20. The extent of dissociation for a given acid is:
a.
dependent on temperature
Chapter 15 – Fluid and Acid Base Balance
b.
dependent on pH
c.
always constant
d.
higher outside of cells
e.
higher inside of cells
c
15.3 Acid-Base Balance
HUPH.SHER.16.15.3.1 – Discuss the relationship between acids, bases, and hydrogen ions
21. What is the pH of pure water?
a.
8
b.
7
c.
6
d.
5
e.
4
b
15.3 Acid-Base Balance
HUPH.SHER.16.15.3.1 – Discuss the relationship between acids, bases, and hydrogen ions
22. What is the normal pH range for urine?
a.
1-3
b.
3.5-4.5
c.
4-8
d.
5-7
e.
7.5-8.5
d
15.3 Acid-Base Balance
HUPH.SHER.16.15.3.1 – Discuss the relationship between acids, bases, and hydrogen ions
23. What is the normal pH range for gastric juice?
a.
1-3
b.
3.5-4.5
c.
4-8
d.
5-7
e.
7.5-8.5
a
15.3 Acid-Base Balance
HUPH.SHER.16.15.3.1 – Discuss the relationship between acids, bases, and hydrogen ions
24. What is the main clinical effect of systemic alkalosis?
a.
depression
Chapter 15 – Fluid and Acid Base Balance
b.
inability to talk
c.
“pins-and needles” sensation in muscle
d.
disorientation
e.
thirst
25. The breakdown of what food yields sulfuric and phosphoric acids?
a.
bell peppers
b.
dark grapes
c.
mushrooms
d.
citrus fruits
e.
meat
26. How many buffer systems does the body have?
a.
one
b.
two
c.
three
d.
four
e.
five
Bloom’s: Remember
15.3 Acid-Base Balance
HUPH.SHER.16.15.3.4 – Discuss the roles of the four chemical buffer systems of the body
27. What are the most plentiful buffers of the body fluids?
a.
intracellular and plasma proteins
b.
fatty acids
c.
calcium and magnesium
d.
nucleic acids
e.
carbonates
a
Bloom’s: Remember
15.3 Acid-Base Balance
HUPH.SHER.16.15.3.4 – Discuss the roles of the four chemical buffer systems of the body
28. What controls ammonia secretion?
Chapter 15 – Fluid and Acid Base Balance
a.
The skin
b.
The kidneys
c.
The liver
d.
The colon
e.
The spleen
29. Which cells in the distal and collecting tubules are responsible for regulating acid-base balance?
a.
peripheral cells
b.
principal cells
c.
intercalated cells
d.
goblet cells
e.
Henle cells
30. What do the kidneys secrete during acidosis to buffer secreted H+?
a.
bicarbonate
b.
urea
c.
uric acid
d.
bilirubin
e.
ammonia
31. What is ammonia synthesized from within the tubular cells?
a.
glucose
b.
lysine
c.
aldosterone
d.
arginine
e.
glutamine
32. A change in pH that has a respiratory cause is associated with an abnormal concentration of:
a.
H2O
b.
CO2
c.
HCO3–
d.
NH3
e.
NH4+
15.3 Acid-Base Balance
33. Hypoventilation is a cause of:
a.
respiratory acidosis
b.
respiratory alkalosis
c.
metabolic acidosis
d.
metabolic alkalosis
e.
pulmonary edema
a
15.3 Acid-Base Balance
34. What organ is most important in compensating for respiratory acidosis?
a.
lungs
b.
heart
c.
kidneys
d.
liver
e.
spleen
c
15.3 Acid-Base Balance
35. Hyperventilation is a cause of:
a.
respiratory acidosis
b.
respiratory alkalosis
c.
metabolic acidosis
d.
metabolic alkalosis
e.
pulmonary edema
15.3 Acid-Base Balance
of body fluids
36. Aspirin poisoning is a cause of:
a.
respiratory acidosis
b.
respiratory alkalosis
c.
metabolic acidosis
d.
metabolic alkalosis
e.
pulmonary edema
15.3 Acid-Base Balance
37. What type of acid–base disorder most frequently occurs?
a.
respiratory acidosis
b.
respiratory alkalosis
c.
metabolic acidosis
d.
metabolic alkalosis
e.
pulmonary edema
c
15.3 Acid-Base Balance
38. Chronic or excessive vomiting leads to:
a.
respiratory acidosis
b.
respiratory alkalosis
c.
metabolic acidosis
d.
metabolic alkalosis
e.
pulmonary edema
15.3 Acid-Base Balance
39. What happens to ventilation during metabolic alkalosis?
a.
no change
b.
stops
c.
hyperventilation
d.
slightly increased
e.
reduced
e
15.3 Acid-Base Balance
40. Taking baking soda for an upset stomach increases the risk of:
a.
respiratory acidosis
b.
respiratory alkalosis
c.
metabolic acidosis
d.
metabolic alkalosis
e.
pulmonary edema
15.3 Acid-Base Balance
41. The quantity of any particular substance in the ECF is a readily available internal pool.
a.
True
b.
False
42. When the gains via input for a substance exceed its losses via output, a positive balance exists.
a.
True
b.
False
True
15.1 Balance Concept
HUPH.SHER.16.15.1.2 – Explain how a balance of the ECF constituents is maintained
43. About 90% of the body H2O found in the ECF compartment is further subdivided into plasma and lymph fluid.
a.
True
b.
False
44. Plasma is the only fluid that can be acted on directly to control its volume and composition.
a.
True
b.
False
45. The three avenues for salt output are obligatory loss of salt in sweat and feces and uncontrolled excretion of salt in
vomit.
a.
True
b.
False
46. Sodium and potassium are by far the most abundant solutes in the ECF in terms of numbers of particles and account
for most ECF osmotic activity.
a.
True
b.
False
47. Without adequate vasopressin in diabetes insipidus, the kidneys cannot conserve sodium because they cannot reabsorb
sodium from the late parts of the nephron.
a.
True
b.
False
False
48. Hypotonicity occurs when excess H2O without solute is retained in the body as a result of the syndrome of
inappropriate vasopressin secretion.
a.
True
b.
False
True
49. Metabolic H2O produced during cell metabolism and released into the ECF averages about 1,350 mL per day.
a.
True
b.
False