60. Translation ends when a stop codon is at the ____ site, allowing a ____ to bind there.
a.
P; release factor
b.
A; terminator tRNA
c.
E; terminator tRNA
d.
A; release factor
e.
P; terminator tRNA
61. A ribosome is made of
a.
rRNA and proteins.
b.
tRNA and rRNA.
c.
tRNA, rRNA, and mRNA.
d.
rRNA and mRNA.
e.
tRNA, rRNA, and proteins.
62. A polysome is
a.
the combination of a large and a small ribosome subunit.
b.
the complex where mRNA splicing occurs.
c.
the assembly at a promoter at the start of transcription.
d.
an mRNA with multiple ribosomes attached.
e.
the complex that puts a poly(A) tail on an mRNA.
63. Suppose that the first part of a new polypeptide chain being produced in a eukaryotic cell has a signal
peptide. Which of the following would you associate with the location of translation to form that
polypeptide?
a.
cytoplasm only
b.
first cytoplasm, then rough ER
c.
Golgi apparatus only
d.
first rough ER, then Golgi apparatus
e.
rough ER only
64. Suppose that the first part of a new polypeptide chain being produced in a eukaryotic cell does not
have a signal peptide. Which of the following would you associate with the location of translation to
form that polypeptide?
a.
cytoplasm only
b.
first cytoplasm, then rough ER
c.
Golgi apparatus only
d.
first rough ER, then Golgi apparatus
e.
rough ER only
65. Which of the following best describes the role of the signal recognition particle (SRP)?
a.
assists in mRNA splicing
b.
activates gene expression
c.
terminates translation
d.
assists in polyadenylation of mRNA
e.
temporarily blocks translation
66. If a codon in the mRNA is 5’–ACG–3’, then the anticodon of the proper tRNA will be
a.
5’–UGC–3’
b.
5’–CGU–3’
c.
5’–CGT–3’
d.
5’-TGC-3’
e.
5’–GCA–3’
67. The routing of proteins to their final destinations in eukaryotic cells is
a.
essentially random.
b.
based on transcription factors.
c.
controlled by the type of ribosome used.
d.
directed by signals that are part of the proteins.
e.
primarily determined by mRNA splicing.
68. Substitution of one base pair for another in a coding region of a gene can result in a ____ mutation
where the changed codon still codes for the same amino acid that was previously coded for.
a.
missense
b.
chromosomal
c.
frameshift
d.
silent
e.
nonsense
69. Substitution of one base pair for another in a coding region of a gene can result in a ____ mutation
where the changed codon codes for a different amino acid than was previously coded for.
a.
missense
b.
chromosomal
c.
frameshift
d.
silent
e.
nonsense
70. Substitution of one base pair for another in a coding region of a gene can result in a ____ mutation
where the changed codon codes for a stop codon where an amino acid was previously coded for.
a.
missense
b.
chromosomal
c.
frameshift
d.
silent
e.
nonsense
71. Insertion of two bases into the coding region of a gene just after the start codon of a gene will result in
a ____ mutation.
a.
missense
b.
chromosomal
c.
frameshift
d.
silent
e.
nonsense
72. Individuals with the genetic condition sickle cell disease have hemoglobin chains with the amino
acid valine where normal hemoglobin chain has glutamic acid. This is the result of a ____ mutation.
a.
missense
b.
chromosomal
c.
frameshift
d.
silent
e.
nonsense
73. Which of the following is true of transposable elements (TEs)?
a.
Humans are one of a few organisms that do not contain TE DNA in their genomes.
b.
All TEs make a copy of themselves that inserts into a new location (copy and paste).
c.
All TEs are removed from one location before moving to another (cut and paste).
d.
TEs can be mutagenic.
e.
The site into which a TE inserts itself is homologous to the TE itself.
74. In Noller’s fragment reaction,
a.
RNA-met* mimicked the rRNA
b.
puromycin was used to mimic tRNA
c.
the 50S subunit was used to test the peptidyl transferase reaction
d.
digesting proteins eliminated activity
e.
digesting rRNA did not eliminate activity
75. After Noller and colleagues performed the fragment reaction, which of the following treatments did
not allow transfer of the met* to puromycin?
a.
no treatment
b.
removing proteins
c.
digesting proteins
d.
removing rRNA
e.
all of these allowed the transfer
76. Research by Noller and his coworkers indicates that translocation is a property of ____.
a.
tRNA
b.
mRNA
c.
protein factors
d.
GTP
e.
the ribosome
77. Noller’s conclusions from his experiments on ribosomes
a.
were accepted immediately by the scientific community
b.
showed that the site of peptide bond formation is on rRNAs of the small ribosomal subunit
c.
indicated that site of peptide bond formation is on proteins of the small ribosomal subunit
d.
showed that the site of peptide bond formation is on rRNAs of the large ribosomal subunit
e.
indicated that site of peptide bond formation is on proteins of the large ribosomal subunit
78. Which of the following is NOT unique to eukaryotes?
a.
snRNPs
b.
sorting signals on proteins
c.
capping the 5′ end of mRNA
d.
adding a poly(A) tail to mRNA
e.
RNA polymerase II
79. Which of the following is unique to prokaryotes?
a.
UTRs in mRNA
b.
introns
c.
polysomes connected to DNA
d.
use of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
e.
translocation during translation
80. The following are major events in expression of a gene for insulin, which is secreted outside of certain
mammalian cells. Place these events in order, from earliest to latest.
1:
binding of a release factor
2:
binding of signal recognition particle (SRP)
3:
binding of transcription factors
4:
removal of introns
5:
scanning of mRNA
a.
4→2→3→1→5
b.
1→4→3→2→5
c.
5→2→1→4→3
d.
3→4→5→2→1
e.
3→2→1→5→4
Use the table above for the following question(s).
81. Assume that an mRNA molecule beginning with an AUG is made that is complementary to this DNA
sequence:
3′−CTTACATGGCATCC−5′
See the genetic code table above. The second codon (counting the start codon as the first codon)
directs incorporation of which amino acid in the polypeptide?
a.
asparagine
b.
tyrosine
c.
arginine
d.
proline
e.
cysteine
82. Assume that an mRNA molecule beginning with an AUG is made that is complementary to this DNA
sequence:
3′−CTTACATGGCATCC−5′
See the genetic code table above. The third codon (counting the start codon as the first codon) directs
incorporation of which amino acid in the polypeptide?
a.
cysteine
b.
methionine
c.
threonine
d.
histidine
e.
arginine
334
83. See the genetic code table above. The start codon for translation directs incorporation of which amino
acid?
a.
lysine
b.
phenylalanine
c.
methionine
d.
glycine
e.
no amino acid is encoded; the start codon simply begins the process
84. Which of the following processes occurs in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell?
a.
translation
b.
DNA replication and transcription
c.
transcription
d.
DNA replication
e.
translation and transcription
MATCHING
Match each of the following terms with its correct definition.
a.
Indicates the end for transcription
b.
First codon read in translation
c.
Amino-acid coding sequence retained in finished mRNA
d.
Indicates the end for translation
e.
Control sequence ahead of a transcription unit
85. promoter
86. exon
87. stop codon
88. terminator
89. start codon
Match each of the following types of RNA with the correct description.
a.
RNA transcribed from a protein-coding gene that is ready to be used in translation
b.
RNA that binds with proteins to make a particle that is involved in removal of introns and
joining of exons
c.
RNA that forms part of the ribosome
d.
RNA with an anticodon and a linkage site for a specific amino acid
e.
RNA in eukaryotes that must be processed in the nucleus before it is ready to be translated
90. snRNA
91. pre-mRNA
92. tRNA
93. rRNA
94. mRNA
Choice
For each of these items or events, indicate which of the following processes it is associated with.
a.
processing of pre-mRNA
b.
translation
c.
sorting proteins in cells
d.
transcription
95. promoter
96. ribosome
97. spliceosome
98. intron
99. ER membrane
100. tRNA
101. RNA polymerase
102. SRP receptor
103. capping enzyme
104. RNA-DNA double helix
105. release factor
106. signal peptidase
107. TATA box
108. peptidyl transferase
109. snRNP
110. signal recognition particle
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SHORT ANSWER
111. Briefly describe the places where tRNA would be found in a ribosome.
112. Describe how exon shuffling could lead to the formation of novel proteins.
113.
Use the table above for the following question(s).
Using the codon table, predict the amino acid sequence that would be produced from the following
partial DNA sequence if the top strand is the template strand:
3’-…ACG TGG ACG TGA TTC TTA…-5’
5’-…TGC ACC TGC ACT AAG AAT…-3’
114. List two main differences between the processes of transcription and replication with respect to which
DNA strands are used as templates and how much of those strands are used as templates.
115. Missense, nonsense, and silent mutations are all caused by single base changes in the coding region of
a gene. How are these three types of mutations different?
ESSAY
116. Describe the process of transcription in prokaryotes.
117. Describe the process of mRNA splicing.
118. Describe transcription and translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes in terms of the locations of each
process in the cell, the templates used for each process, and the products of each process.
119. Explain how proteins that are produced in a cell correctly end up in the cytosol, the endomembrane
system, and the mitochondria.