Exam
Name___________________________________
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1)
What structure regulates the amount of light passing to the visual receptors of the eye?
1)
A)
cornea
B)
lens
C)
iris
D)
aqueous humor
2)
The receptor for static equilibrium is the ________.
2)
A)
utricle
B)
semicircular canals
C)
macula
D)
cochlear duct
3)
Olfactory cells and taste buds are normally stimulated by ________.
3)
A)
the movement of otoliths
B)
substances in solution
C)
stretching of the receptor cells
D)
movement of a cupula
4)
There are three layers of neurons in the retina. The axons of which of these neuron layers form the
optic nerves?
4)
A)
bipolar cells
B)
ganglion cells
C)
rod cells
D)
cone cells
5)
Which of the following taste sensations is incorrectly matched to the chemicals that produce it?
5)
A)
souracids
B)
bitteralkaloids
C)
saltymetal ions
D)
umamitriglycerides and fatty acids
E)
sweetorganic substances such as sugar and some lead salts
6)
Taste buds are not found ________.
6)
A)
in filiform papillae
B)
lining the buccal cavity
C)
in fungiform papillae
D)
in circumvallate papillae
7)
The first “way station” in the visual pathway from the eye, after there has been partial crossover of
the fibers in the optic chiasma, is the ________.
7)
A)
temporal lobe
B)
superior colliculi
C)
visual cortex
D)
lateral geniculate body of the thalamus
8)
8) During dark adaptation ________.
8)
A)
rhodopsin accumulates in the rods
B)
the rate of rhodopsin breakdown is accelerated
C)
the cones are activated
D)
the sensitivity of the retina decreases
9)
Bitter taste is elicited by ________.
9)
A)
hydrogen ions
B)
metal ions
C)
acids
D)
alkaloids
10)
Which of the follow types of neurons are replaced throughout adult life?
10)
A)
retinal ganglion cells
B)
auditory outer and inner hair cells
C)
olfactory receptor cells
D)
retinal bipolar cells
11)
An essential part of the maculae involved in static equilibrium is (are) the ________.
11)
A)
scala media
B)
cupula
C)
spiral organ (of Corti)
D)
otoliths
12)
Nerve fibers from the medial aspect of each eye ________.
12)
A)
cross over to the opposite side at the chiasma
B)
pass posteriorly without crossing over at the chiasma
C)
divide at the chiasma, with some crossing and some not crossing
D)
go to the superior colliculus only
13)
Farsightedness is more properly called ________.
13)
A)
presbyopia
B)
hypopia
C)
myopia
D)
hyperopia
14)
Most newborns ________.
14)
A)
cry with copious tears
B)
are myopic
C)
often use only one eye at a time
D)
see in tones of red and green only
15)
What prevents the eyelids from sticking together when the eyes close?
15)
A)
ciliary gland secretions
B)
tarsal gland secretions
C)
conjunctival fluid
D)
lacrimal fluid
16)
The first vestiges of eyes in the embryo are called ________.
16)
A)
optic vesicles
B)
mesenchyme
C)
optic discs
D)
optic cups
17)
In the visual pathways to the brain, the optic radiations project to the ________.
17)
A)
lateral geniculate body
B)
optic chiasma
C)
medial retina
D)
primary visual cortex
18)
Dark adaptation ________.
18)
A)
involves accumulation of rhodopsin
B)
primarily involves improvement of acuity and color vision
C)
results in inhibition of rod function
D)
is much faster than light adaptation
19)
As sound levels increase in the spiral organ (of Corti), ________.
19)
A)
inner hair cells stiffen the basilar membrane
B)
inner hair cells bend the cilia away from the kinocilium
C)
outer hair cells stiffen the basilar membrane
D)
outer hair cells bend the cilia away from the kinocilium
20)
Ordinarily, it is not possible to transplant tissues from one person to another, yet corneas can be
transplanted without tissue rejection. This is because the cornea ________.
20)
A)
has no nerve supply
B)
has no blood supply
C)
does not contain connective tissue
D)
is not a living tissue
21)
The cells of the retina in which action potentials are generated are the ________.
21)
A)
amacrine cells
B)
bipolar cells
C)
ganglion cells
D)
rods and cones
22)
Seventy percent of all sensory receptors are located in the ________.
22)
A)
skin
B)
ears
C)
nose
D)
eye
23)
Which of the following is not a characteristic of olfactory receptor cells?
23)
A)
They are unipolar neurons.
B)
They are chemoreceptors.
C)
They have a short life span of about 60 days.
D)
They are ciliated.
24)
Tinnitus, vertigo, and gradual hearing loss typify the disorder called ________.
24)
A)
Ménière’s syndrome
B)
conjunctivitis
C)
motion sickness
D)
strabismus
25)
The tarsal plate of the eyelid ________.
25)
A)
is composed of connective tissue surrounding a thin cartilage plate
B)
is connected to the levator palpebrae
C)
is connected to the superior rectus muscle
D)
assists in the act of winking
26)
What is the main function of the rods in the eye?
26)
A)
vision in dim light
B)
color vision
C)
depth perception
D)
accommodation for near vision
27)
Select the correct statement about olfaction.
27)
A)
Olfactory adaptation is only due to fading of receptor cell response.
B)
Olfactory receptors have a high degree of specificity toward a single type of chemical.
C)
Substances must be volatile and hydrophobic in order to activate olfactory receptors.
D)
Some of the sensation of olfaction is actually one of pain.
28)
Which statement about sound localization is not true?
28)
A)
It requires processing at the cortical level.
B)
It requires input from both ears.
C)
It is difficult to discriminate sound sources in the midline.
D)
It uses time differences between sound reaching the two ears.
29)
Which pairing of terms is incorrectly related?
29)
A)
frequency of sound waves: number of wavelengths
B)
amplitude of a sound: intensity of the sound
C)
quality of a sound : frequency of the sound
D)
frequency of sound waves: loudness of the sound
30)
Another name for the primary visual cortex is ________.
30)
A)
prefrontal cortex
B)
striate cortex
C)
prestriate cortex
D)
collicular cortex
B
31)
The receptor membranes of gustatory cells are ________.
31)
A)
basal cells
B)
gustatory hairs
C)
taste buds
D)
fungiform papillae
B
32)
Which of the following is true about photoreceptors?
32)
A)
Three types of color–sensitive photoreceptors exist: red, green, and yellow.
B)
Rods absorb light throughout the visual spectrum but confer only gray tone vision.
C)
In dim light, images are focused directly on the rods in the fovea centralis.
D)
If all cones are stimulated equally, all colors are absorbed by the cones and the color
perceived is black.
B
33)
Which of the following could not be seen as one looks into the eye with an ophthalmoscope?
33)
A)
fovea centralis
B)
macula lutea
C)
optic chiasma
D)
optic disc
C
D
34)
Which of the following is not a possible cause of conduction deafness?
34)
A)
impacted cerumen
B)
otosclerosis
C)
cochlear nerve degeneration
D)
middle ear infection
35)
Receptors for hearing are located in the ________.
35)
A)
semicircular canals
B)
cochlea
C)
vestibule
D)
tympanic membrane
36)
Visible light fits between ________.
36)
A)
X rays and UV
B)
microwaves and radio waves
C)
infrared and microwaves
D)
UV and infrared
37)
What is a modiolus?
37)
A)
a bony area around the junction of the facial, vestibular, and cochlear nerves
B)
a bone pillar in the center of the cochlea
C)
bone in the center of a semicircular canal
D)
bone around the cochlea
38)
Conscious perception of vision probably reflects activity in the ________.
38)
A)
chiasma
B)
thalamus
C)
superior colliculus
D)
occipital lobe of the cortex
39)
Ceruminous glands are ________.
39)
A)
modified taste buds
B)
glands found in the lateral corners of your eye
C)
saliva glands found at the base of the tongue
D)
modified apocrine sweat glands
40)
The blind spot of the eye is where ________.
40)
A)
more rods than cones are found
B)
the optic nerve leaves the eye
C)
only cones occur
D)
the macula lutea is located
41)
Visual inputs to the ________ serve to synchronize biorhythms with natural light and dark.
41)
A)
pretectal nuclei
B)
superior colliculi
C)
suprachiasmatic nucleus
D)
lateral geniculate body
42)
The only special sense not fully functional at birth is the sense of ________.
42)
A)
taste
B)
smell
C)
vision
D)
equilibrium
E)
hearing
43)
Motion sickness seems to ________.
43)
A)
respond best to medication that “boosts” vestibular inputs
B)
result from mismatch between visual and vestibular inputs
C)
respond best to medication taken after salivation and pallor begins
D)
result from activation of nausea centers in the brain stem
44)
Which statement about malnutrition–induced night blindness is most accurate?
44)
A)
The most common cause is vitamin D deficiency.
B)
The impaired vision is caused by reduced cone function.
C)
Vitamin supplements can reverse degenerative changes.
D)
Visual pigment content is reduced in cones more than rods.
45)
Damage to the medial rectus muscles would probably affect ________.
45)
A)
accommodation
B)
convergence
C)
pupil constriction
D)
refraction
46)
Which of the following is true about light and vision?
46)
A)
When we see the color of an object, all light is being absorbed by that object except for the
color being experienced.
B)
Human photoreceptors respond to light in the 100–300 nm range.
C)
Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation that slows down as it enters a medium of
relatively less density.
D)
The greater the incident angle of light striking a refractive surface, the less the amount of light
bending.
47)
Select the correct statement about equilibrium.
47)
A)
Cristae respond to angular acceleration and deceleration.
B)
Hair cells of both types of equilibrium hyperpolarize only, resulting in an increased rate of
impulse transmission.
C)
Due to dynamic equilibrium, movement can be perceived if rotation of the body continues at
a constant rate.
D)
The weight of the endolymph contained within the semicircular canals against the maculae is
responsible for static equilibrium.
48)
Visual processing in the thalamus does not contribute significantly to ________.
48)
A)
movement perception
B)
high–acuity vision
C)
night vision
D)
depth perception
49)
The eye muscle that elevates and turns the eye laterally is the ________.
49)
A)
medial rectus
B)
superior oblique
C)
inferior oblique
D)
lateral rectus
50)
Light passes through the following structures in which order?
50)
A)
cornea, vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor
B)
aqueous humor, cornea, lens, vitreous humor
C)
vitreous humor, lens, aqueous humor, cornea
D)
cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor
51)
Information from balance receptors goes directly to the ________.
51)
A)
back muscles
B)
visual cortex
C)
brain stem reflex centers
D)
motor cortex
52)
Which of the following is true about gustatory receptors?
52)
A)
All gustatory receptors have the same threshold for activation.
B)
Complete adaptation occurs in about one to five minutes.
C)
The receptors generate an action potential in response to chemical stimuli.
D)
In order for a chemical to be sensed, it must be hydrophobic.
53)
The oval window is connected directly to which passageway?
53)
A)
external acoustic meatus
B)
pharyngotympanic tube
C)
scala vestibuli
D)
scala tympani
54)
Which of the following structures is not part of the external ear?
54)
A)
pharyngotympanic tube
B)
tympanic membrane
C)
external acoustic meatus
D)
pinna
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Figure 15.4
Using Figure 15.4, match the following:
55)
Pinna.
55)
56)
What is the chemical composition of the rod pigment, rhodopsin, and how does it appear
to act in the reception of light?
56)
Figure 15.4
Using Figure 15.4, match the following:
57)
Semicircular canals.
57)
58)
Explain why prolonged periods of reading tire the eye muscles and result in eye strain.
58)
Figure 15.4
Using Figure 15.4, match the following:
59)
Balance organ.
59)
60)
Contrast light and dark adaptation and include the role of the rods and cones.
60)
Figure 15.1
Using Figure 15.1, match the following:
61)
Rod.
61)
62)
Explain the role of the endolymph of the semicircular canals in activating the receptors
during angular motion.
62)
Figure 15.4
Using Figure 15.4, match the following:
63)
Cochlea.
63)
Figure 15.1
Using Figure 15.1, match the following:
64)
Amacrine cell.
64)
65)
Taste is solely a response to chemicals dissolved in ________.
65)
66)
The apex of the cochlea hears sounds in the range of ________ Hz.
66)
67)
High frequency sounds are detected when the basilar membrane is displaced near the____.
67)
Figure 15.2
Using Figure 15.2, match the following:
68)
Consists of a pigmented layer and a neural layer.
68)
Figure 15.3
Using Figure 15.3, match the following:
69)
Acts as a reflexively activated diaphragm to vary pupil size.
69)
70)
What two things does the ciliary body do?
70)
71)
Explain why a bad cold can result in food not tasting the same as it normally does.
71)