CHAPTER 15
Technology and Crime
Chapter 15 Multiple Choice
Choose the best answer for each of the following.
1. Illegally obtaining computerized information through the path of direct access is usually taken
by a. malware creators.
b. business competitors.
c. office workers.
d. hackers.
2. __________ is any violation of a federal or state computer-crime statute.
a. Computer-facilitated crime
b. Cybercrime
c. Computer abuse
d. Computer-related crime
3. Planting a virus is an example of which category of cybercrime?
a. Internal cybercrime
b. Computer-manipulation crime
c. Support of criminal enterprises
d. Telecommunications crimes
4. Using a computer to create a database to support drug distribution falls into which category of
cybercrime?
a. Internal cybercrime
b. Computer-manipulation crime
c. Support of criminal enterprises
d. Telecommunications crimes
5. __________ involves using official-looking e-mail messages to steal valuable information.
a. Cloning
b. Phishing
c. Phreaking
d. Softlifting
6. Malware involves
a. phone phreaking.
b. embezzlement.
c. computer viruses.
d. software piracy.
7. Lawsuits challenging the constitutionality of the Communications Decency Act claimed that
provisions of the act contravened __________ Amendment guarantees.
a. First
b. Fourth
c. Fifth
d. Sixth
8. In the case of __________, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down several provisions of the
Communications Decency Act.
a. Frye v. U.S.
b. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
c. Buck v. Bell
d. Reno v. ACLU
9. The __________ Act criminalized the willful infringement of copyrighted works.
a. Communications Decency
b. No Electronic Theft
c. National Stolen Property
d. Cyber Security Enhancement
10. __________ is defined as any illegal act for which knowledge of computer technology is
involved for its investigation, perpetration, or prosecution.
a. Cybercrime
b. Computer crime
c. Computer-related crime
d. Computer abuse
11. Which of the following best describes the average hacker?
a. A 20-year-old man living in San Francisco
b. A 23-year-old woman living in Chicago
c. A 35-year-old woman living in Paris
d. A 40-year-old man living in New York
12. The primary motivation of the average hacker is to
a. profit financially by hacking.
b. gain access to computer networks.
c. demonstrate network vulnerability.
d. create a computer security system.
13. __________ are hackers who are fascinated by the evolving technology of
telecommunications and explore it without knowing exactly what they will find.
a. Game players
b. Explorers
c. Scamps
d. Pioneers
14. Hackers who are excited about breaking into geographically distant computer systems fall
into which category?
a. Game players
b. Explorers
c. Vandals
d. Scamps
15. Which type of hacker is most likely to use illicit drugs?
a. Scamps
b. Vandals
c. Explorers
d. Addicts
16. Which of the following is not a characteristic shared by white-collar and computer criminals?
a. Their acts generally involve information manipulations that create profits or losses
b. Their crimes can be committed by an individual, several people working in collusion,
and/or organizations
c. Their crimes generally are committed through violent means
d. The generally require access to computers or computer storage media
17. DNA profiling is
a. infallible.
b. highly reliable.
c. somewhat reliable.
d. not very reliable.
18. In the case of __________, the U.S. Supreme Court rejected an earlier standard for the
admissibility of scientific evidence and said that all relevant evidence is admissible unless
otherwise provided by the U.S. Constitution or other relevant legal rules.
a. Frye v. U.S.
b. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
c. Buck v. Bell
d. Reno v. ACLU
19. Which is not one of the factors that may be used to determine whether a form of scientific
evidence is reliable?
a. It has no known or potential rates of error
b. It has been subjected to peer review
c. It has been subjected to testing
d. It has standards controlling application of the techniques involved
20. According to the 1994 federal DNA Identification Act, the FBI is authorized to establish
DNA indexes for all but which of the following categories?
a. Samples recovered from unidentified human remains
b. Samples recovered from crime scenes
c. Offenders convicted of crimes
d. Offenders charged with crimes
21. The first national police force to begin routine collection of DNA samples from anyone
involved in a serious crime is located in which country?
a. Great Britain
b. France
c. Germany
d. China
22. __________ is a system used to match a suspect’s fingerprints against stored records.
a. NCIC
b. AFIS
c. METAPOL
d. VICAP
23. __________ attempt to duplicate the decision-making processes used by skilled investigators
in evidence analysis.
a. Expert systems
b. TEMPEST
c. Audit trails
d. DNA systems
24. An assessment of the potential disasters facing an organization is known as
a. data encryption.
b. threat analysis.
c. an expert system.
d. an audit trail.
25. A(n) __________ records the activities of computer operators surrounding each event in a
transaction.
a. expert systems analysis.
b. data encryption.
c. threat analysis
d. audit trail
26. What does President Obama consider one of the most serious economic and national security
challenges facing the US today?
a. White-collar crime
b. Cybersecurity
c. Violent crime
d. Constitutional protections
27. The _____________ is a citizens’ group that focuses on refining notions of privacy and
legality as they relate to telecommunications and other communications-based media.
a. The Computer Security Institute
b. The Cybersecurity Center
c. The National Computer Security Association
d. The Electronic Frontier Foundation
Chapter 15 True-False
Choose whether each statement is true or false.
1. Technology and crime have always been closely linked.
a. True
b. False
2. The path of direct access to computer information is generally used by office workers
violating positions of trust.
a. True
b. False
3. Illegal hacking is an example of a computer manipulation crime.
a. True
b. False
4. Phishing is usually done via calls and texts made on cell phones
a. True
b. False
5. Typical phishing schemes generally reach only about 10,000 e-mail in-boxes
a. True
b. False
6. The Supreme Court case of Reno v. ACLU focused on whether the Communications Decency
Act abridged First Amendment protections.
a. True
b. False
7. The primary motivation of the average hacker is financial profit.
a. True
b. False
8. Explorers focus on computer systems that are geographically distant from the hacker’s
physical location.
a. True
b. False
9. Cybercrime is often committed through the use of violent means.
a. True
b. False
10. Discovery of cybercrime is often by accident.
a. True
b. False
11. The “Spiderman snare” is a discolike strobe light which quickly disorients human targets.
a. True
b. False
12. DNA evidence may last for many years.
a. True
b. False
13. The Daubert standard deals with the application of the laws requiring convicted offenders to
provide DNA samples.
a. True
b. False
14. The federal DNA Identification Act authorizes the FBI to establish DNA indexes for samples
recovered from crime scenes.
a. True
b. False
15. Expert systems such as NCAVC may eventually replace human criminal investigators.
a. True
b. False
16. Threat analysis is the process of encoding information so that it is unreadable to all but its
intended recipients.
a. True
b. False
17. Most police departments today are prepared to effectively investigate computer crimes
a. True
b. False
18. Cybercriminals do not need to come into direct contact with victims.
a. True
b. False
19. The U.S. Constitution states that electronic documents and communications qualify for
protection under the First and Fourth Amendments.
a. True
b. False
20. The Electronic Frontier Foundation focuses on protecting the individual rights found in the
Constitution and Bill of Rights as new communications technologies emerge.
a. True
b. False
Chapter 15 Fill in the Blank
Fill in the correct answer for each of the following.
1. Computer __________ involves remote access to targeted machines.
2. ________ is the violation of a federal or state computer-crime statue
3. Illegally copying software programs is known as __________.
4. Computer __________ involves an unlawful incident associated with computer technology in
which a victim suffers loss or a perpetrator reaps benefit.
5. __________ used special dial-up access codes to avoid long-distance charges.
6. Hackers who intend no overt harm but just have a sense of fun are known as __________.
7. __________ are malicious hackers who deliberately cause damage with no apparent personal
gain.
8. The greatest threat to reliable results in DNA profiling is __________ error.
9. The Daubert ruling rejected the standards set in the previous case of __________.
10. __________ systems are systems of computer hardware and software that attempt to
duplicate the decision-making processes used by skilled investigators in evidence analysis and
pattern recognition.
11. __________ is the process by which information is encoded so that it is unreadable by all but
its intended recipients.
12. A(n) __________ or sequential record of system activities is a powerful tool that is useful in
identifying instances of computer crime when they occur.
13. The lifeblood of the cyberworld is ________.
14. According to President Barak Obama, _________ is one of the most serious economic and
national-security challenges facing the U.S.
15. One contemporary is whether e-mail qualifies as speech and is therefore protected under the
_______ Amendment.
Chapter 15 Matching
1. Match the type of cybercrime to an example of it
1. Support of criminal enterprises
a. Embezzlement
2. Internal cybercrimes
b. Illegal hacking
3. Hardware, software, and information
theft
c. Databases recording drug distribution
4. Computer-manipulation crime
d. Viruses
5. Internet crimes
e. Software piracy
2. Match the legislation to its description
1. Communications Decency Act (CDA)
a. Passed in 2002 to create new sentencing
guidelines for cybercriminals
2. Cyber Security Enhancement Act (CSEA)
b. Passed in 1999 to amend the Copyright Act
and increase the damages that could be
awarded for copyright infringement
3. Digital Theft Deterrence and Copyright
Damages Improvement Act
c. Passed in 1997 to criminalize willful
infringement of copyrighted works, including
via electronic means
4. No Electronic Theft Act (NETA)
d. Passed in 1996 to protect minors from
harmful material on the Internet
3. Match the type of hackers to their descriptions
1. Addicts
a. Individuals who make unplanned forays into
evolving technology for the sake of discovery
2. Explorers
b. Individuals who are addicted to hacking and
computer technology, and possibly to illegal
drugs as well
3. Game Players
c. Individuals who hack for fun and without
intending harm
4. Pioneers
d. Malicious individuals who cause damage to
computer systems without seeking gain
5. Scamps
e. Adventurous individuals who delight in the
challenge of breaking into computer systems
that are remote or particularly secure
6. Vandals
f. Individuals who focus on defeating copy
protection either to play games or as a game
Chapter 15 Essay
Answer the following questions.
1. Compare and contrast phone phreaking with phishing.
2. Describe the characteristics of hackers and explain the categories of the basic typology that is
based on psychological characteristics.
Chapter 15 Critical Thinking
Answer the following questions.
1. How is the use of computer technology by criminals and law enforcement similar too and
different from the use of other types of technology to perpetrate crimes and bring perpetrators to
justice?
2. Why might cybercrime appeal to people who would not commit crimes like burglary or
robbery?
3. How might similarities between hacking and playing computer games blur the lines between
entertainment and crime?
4. What effects do you think the use of DNA evidence will have on the justice system in the
United States in the long run?
5. Do you agree with President Barack Obama that “cybersecurity is one of the most serious
economic and national-security challenges facing the United States”?