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Chapter 14 - Environmental Hazards and Human Health
True / False
1. The most preventable kind of hazard is smoking.
a.
True
b.
False
2. The three diseases that cause the majority of deaths worldwide are influenza, hepatitis-B, and SARS.
a.
True
b.
False
3. A basic principle of toxicology is that any synthetic or natural chemical can be harmful if ingested or inhaled in a large
enough quantity.
a.
True
b.
False
4. After poverty and gender, the greatest risks people face are mainly from lifestyle choices.
a.
True
b.
False
5. All chemicals in commercial use were screened for toxicity before they were made available to the public.
a.
True
b.
False
6. Malaria cannot be transmitted by blood transfusions or by sharing needles.
a.
True
b.
False
7. In the United States, the leading cause of preventable death is tobacco use.
a.
True
b.
False
8. The chemical pesticide DDT is persistent, or resistant to breakdown, and can be biologically magnified.
a.
True
b.
False
9. Several antimalarial drugs have become more effective against the Plasmodium parasites since about 1970.
a.
True
b.
False
10. Synthetic chemicals are always more harmful compared to natural chemicals.
a.
True
b.
False
11. A reason that mercury is so persistent in the environment or living organisms is that it is an element and thus cannot
be broken down or degraded.
Chapter 14 - Environmental Hazards and Human Health
a.
True
b.
False
12. Only water-soluble toxins can accumulate in body tissues and cells.
a.
True
b.
False
13. When estimating and calculating the reliability of a given system, experts quantify the reliability of the technology
involved and divide that number by the reliability of the human using the technology.
a.
True
b.
False
14. Toxicology is a science devoted to the study of risks to human life.
a.
True
b.
False
15. Laboratory-bred mice and rats are widely used for toxicity studies because their systems function generally similar to
human systems.
a.
True
b.
False
16. The death toll from smoking in the United States is roughly equivalent to more than six fully loaded 200-passenger jet
planes crashing every day with no survivors.
a.
True
Chapter 14 - Environmental Hazards and Human Health
b.
False
17. Studying the interactions among three of the 500 most widely used industrial chemicals is a physical and financial
impossibility.
a.
True
b.
False
18. Most case reports are highly reliable sources for estimating toxicity.
a.
True
b.
False
19. Epidemiological studies can be used to effectively evaluate hazards from new technologies and new chemicals.
a.
True
b.
False
20. The blood of an average U.S. citizen contains traces of 212 different chemicals, including potentially harmful
chemicals such as arsenic and bisphenol A.
a.
True
b.
False
21. Bisphenol A (BPA) is an estrogen mimic used in the production of ____ products.
a.
pharmaceutical
b.
textile
Chapter 14 - Environmental Hazards and Human Health
c.
food
d.
metals
e.
plastic
22. More than 90 published studies have found a number of significant adverse effects on test animals from exposure to
very low levels of ____.
a.
BPA
b.
mutagens
c.
teratogens
d.
carcinogens
e.
plasmodium
23. What do we call the probability of suffering harm from a hazard?
a.
disease
b.
economic loss
c.
death
d.
injury
e.
risk
24. What is the scientific process of using statistical methods to estimate how much harm a particular hazard can cause to
human health or the environment?
a.
probability
b.
risk assessment
c.
lifecycle cost-pricing
d.
mitigation
e.
prevention
25. Biological hazards can be caused by one of the more than 1,400 ____ that can cause disease.
a.
parasites
b.
cultural hazards
c.
viruses
d.
mutagens
e.
pathogens
26. What is a type of chemical hazard?
a.
unsafe working conditions
b.
parasites
c.
pollution
d.
bacteria
e.
fungi
27. What is the worldwide leading cause of death for people ages 15-49?
a.
E. coli
b.
Malaria
c.
Hepatitis
d.
AIDS
e.
Influenza
28. Some researchers estimate that one out of every five people infected with ____ are not aware of the infection.
a.
E. coli
b.
Influenza
c.
Malaria
d.
HIV
e.
HBV
29. What has probably killed more people over the course of human history than all of the wars ever fought?
a.
flu
b.
malarial protozoa
c.
tuberculosis
d.
diarrhea
e.
AIDS
30. What is expected to happen to populations of malaria-carrying mosquitoes in the coming century?
a.
Global warming is expected to destroy their habitats.
b.
Many researchers expect to find a cure for malaria.
c.
Oral rehydration therapy will be made available to the poor in developing nations.
d.
The mosquitoes are expected to migrate to warmer areas in the north.
e.
The WHO will likely approve the use of DDT in more areas.
31. Why has the percentage of deaths due to infectious diseases dropped from 1970 to 2010?
a.
The use of pesticides has become increasingly effective at killing biological threats.
b.
There are fewer people living in poverty as nations become more developed.
c.
Less people live in disease-prone areas.
d.
Public health education campaigns have been successful at prevention.
e.
A growing number of children were immunized against the major infectious diseases.
32. A deadly and apparently incurable form of ____ has been spreading, and killing about 150,000 people a year in India,
China, and Russia. In order to control the spread of this disease, the victims must be permanently isolated from the rest of
society.
a.
influenza
b.
HIV
c.
avian bird flu
d.
malaria
Chapter 14 - Environmental Hazards and Human Health
e.
tuberculosis
33. A ____ disease, like most cancers, is not caused by a living organism and does not spread from one person to another.
a.
chemical
b.
transmissible
c.
nontransmissible
d.
natural
e.
cultural
34. Malaria is caused by____, which is carried by mosquitoes.
a.
viruses
b.
bacteria
c.
Plasmodium parasites
d.
parasitic worms
e.
pathogens
35. Why has effectively combating the spread of malaria become more challenging since the 1970s?
a.
Anti-malarial drugs cost too much to be used widely in the less-developed countries where malaria infections
are widespread.
b.
During this century, the average atmospheric temperature had risen, thus causing populations of malaria-
carrying mosquitoes to spread from tropical areas to warmer temperate areas of the earth.
c.
The vaccine that can prevent this disease is expensive.
d.
The parasite infects and destroys its victim’s red blood cells, causing intense fever, chills, drenching sweats,
severe abdominal pain, vomiting, headaches, and increased susceptibility to other diseases.
e.
Most species of the Anopheles mosquito have become genetically resistant to most insecticides and the
Plasmodium parasites have become genetically resistant to common antimalarial drugs.
36. We can prevent the spread of infectious diseases by reducing the use of ____.
a.
antibiotics
b.
DDT
c.
toxic chemicals
d.
unclean water
e.
pathogens
37. In addition to overuse of antibiotics for colds and flu, what else has caused bacterial resistance to antibiotics?
a.
The demolition of forest lands
b.
The draining of marshes
c.
The use of pesticides to control malaria-infected mosquitoes
d.
The use of drugs to kill parasites in the bloodstream
e.
The use of antibiotics to control disease and promote growth in animals raised for meat
38. What has played an important role in the 30-year increase in life expectancy since 1950?
a.
reduced poverty and malnutrition
b.
improved drinking water quality
c.
risk management
d.
risk assessment
e.
antibiotics
39. Ecological medicine is a relatively new field of study devoted to ____.
a.
finding a cure for AIDS
b.
the ecology of sick people
c.
tracking disease connections that are transmitted from animal species to humans
d.
international diseases such as Avian flu
e.
the illegal international trade in wild species
40. Approximately 2.6 billion people do not have sanitary toilet facilities and more than one billion have their drinking
water polluted by ____.
a.
pathogens
b.
carcinogens
c.
mutagens
d.
feces
e.
chemicals
41. Single cell organisms that are found everywhere and can multiply rapidly on their own are called ____.
a.
carcinogens
b.
mutagens
c.
parasites
d.
bacteria
e.
viruses
42. The three deadliest viruses in the world are pneumonia and flu, HIV/AIDS, and ____.
a.
measles
b.
hepatitis B
c.
malaria
d.
tuberculosis
e.
diarrheal diseases
43. Some forms of ____ can grow from a population of 1 to well over 16 million in 24 hours.
a.
bacteria
b.
viruses
c.
protozoan parasites
d.
recovery botanical specialist
e.
Anopheles
Chapter 14 - Environmental Hazards and Human Health
44. What type of toxic agent can harm or cause birth defects in a fetus or embryo?
a.
carcinogens
b.
mutagens
c.
pathogens
d.
teratogens
e.
neurotoxins
45. If you typically consume large amounts of processed foods, and certain wines, which category of chemical hazard is
introduced into your system?
a.
Mutagens
b.
Carcinogens
c.
Teratogens
d.
Neurotoxins
e.
Antibodies
46. What is a disease that where malignant cells can multiply uncontrollably and form tumors?
a.
impaired immune function
b.
genetic disorder
c.
thyroid disease
d.
cancer
e.
mutation
47. Mutagens can cause or increase the frequency of mutations in the ____ molecules found in cells.
a.
water
Chapter 14 - Environmental Hazards and Human Health
b.
carbohydrate
c.
DNA
d.
fat
e.
RNA
48. What is it about carcinogens that cause some people not to believe that their present day habits will lead to cancer?
a.
Most mutations of carcinogens cause no harm.
b.
Carcinogens do not cause pain until the very last stages.
c.
Initial exposure to a carcinogen and the appearance of detectable cancer symptoms has a 10–40 year time
lapse.
d.
Most carcinogens are found in highly addictive substances.
e.
Carcinogens cannot be seen or touched, and therefore, people do not think about their impact.
49. Vinyl chloride is found in many plastics and is an example of a _____.
a.
pathogen
b.
neurotoxin
c.
teratogen
d.
mutagen
e.
carcinogen
50. The immune system consists of specialized cells and tissues that protect the body against disease and harmful
substances by forming ____.
a.
bisphenol A
b.
endocrine
c.
hormones
d.
antibodies
e.
phthalates
Chapter 14 - Environmental Hazards and Human Health
51. The system responsible for defense against disease and harmful substances is the ____.
a.
circulatory system
b.
endocrine system
c.
immune system
d.
excretory system
e.
cardiovascular system
52. Hormonally active agents (HAAs) are a category of chemical hazards that can do what?
a.
They can cause poor balance and coordination, muscle weakness, tremors, memory problems, insomnia,
hearing loss, loss of hair, and loss of peripheral vision.
b.
They can cause birth defects, liver cancer, kidney and liver damage, premature breast development, immune
system suppression, and abnormal sexual development in these animals.
c.
They have been suggested to cause brain damage, early puberty, decreased sperm quality, certain cancers,
heart disease, obesity, liver damage, impaired immune function, type 2 diabetes, hyperactivity, impaired
learning, impotence in males, and obesity in unborn test animals.
d.
They cause genetic resistance to drugs like antibiotics.
e.
They are pollutants that can act as thyroid disrupters and cause growth, weight, brain, and behavioral
disorders.
53. A person that develops asthma after living in a city with severe air pollution for decades is experiencing a(n) ____.
a.
chronic effect
b.
subchronic effect
c.
acute effect
d.
subacute effect
e.
superacute effect
54. A person experiencing dizziness after using a strong household cleaner is showing a(n) ____.
a.
chronic effect
