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e.
Bulky, fiber-rich foods providing at least 800 kcal
62. Why should fiber-rich foods be avoided in an athlete's pregame meal?
a.
The fiber delays absorption of fat.
b.
The fiber interferes with glycolysis.
c.
The meal crowds out more energy-dense foods.
d.
The fiber retains water in the GI tract that would otherwise be absorbed.
e.
The meal will be digested and absorbed too rapidly to be useful.
63. Which of the following is a feature of creatine supplementation in athletes?
a.
It may enhance performance of endurance athletes.
b.
Long-term use adversely affects liver and kidney function.
c.
It may enhance performance of weight lifters and sprinters.
d.
It induces short-term weight loss consisting primarily of lean tissue.
e.
It is especially useful for distance swimmers.
64. Results of research studying carnitine supplementation as an ergogenic aid showed that it
a.
does not seem to increase fat oxidation.
b.
enhanced carbohydrate oxidation rate but not fat oxidation.
c.
raised muscle carnitine concentration but did not improve performance.
d.
promoted retention of amino acids but did not lead to increased muscle mass.
e.
increases ATP and improves performance.
65. Which of the following is a feature of specific ergogenic aids?
a.
Caffeine may enhance short-term, high-intensity performance.
b.
Carnitine supplements appear to increase the concentration of muscle carnitine.
c.
Ribose supplements permit longer, more intense workouts in most athletes.
d.
Chromium supplements (as chromium picolinate) appear to enhance fat oxidation in most
athletes.
e.
Sodium bicarbonate may cause unpleasant side effects such as severe constipation in some
athletes.
66. Which of the following describes an effect of caffeine use in the athlete?
a.
It stimulates fatty acid release.
b.
It enhances performance for almost all athletes.
c.
It raises blood pH to counteract the buildup of lactate.
d.
It promotes absorption of electrolytes from the intestinal tract.
e.
It slows glycogen use
67. Which of the following is a feature of chromium supplements in physical performance?
a.
Chromium from ginseng shows high bioavailability.
b.
Athletes may obtain sufficient chromium from green leafy vegetables and legumes.
c.
Supplements of chromium chloride enhance free fatty acid release but inhibit fatty acid
oxidation.
d.
Most recent studies on chromium picolinate supplementation show no favorable effects on
strength or lean body mass.
e.
Chromium picolinate can increase lean body mass but has no effect on strength.
68. Which of the following is a feature of caffeine use in physical activity?
a.
Caffeine is widely abused by endurance athletes because it cannot be detected by blood or
urine tests.
b.
Caffeine enhances performance by stimulating glycogen breakdown and increasing the
oxygen-carrying capacity of red blood cells.
c.
College and national competitions prohibit the use of caffeine in amounts greater than that
present in 5 cups of coffee when consumed within a few hours before testing.
d.
The usual side effects of caffeine use such as irritability, headaches, and diarrhea are
delayed or diminished in endurance athletes because of their high metabolic rates during
competition.
e.
In endurance athletes, caffeine is particularly likely to result in a “drowsiness crash”
within an hour of consumption.
69. Which of the following ergogenic aids increases the risk for acromegaly?
a.
HMB
b.
Creatine
c.
Octacosanol
d.
Growth hormone
e.
DHEA
70. Which of the following is a feature of androstenedione use in athletes?
a.
It is a dangerous alternative to anabolic steroid use.
b.
It is synthesized in the body by the thyroid gland.
c.
It leads to testicular enlargement and liver atrophy.
d.
It reduces free radical formation and slows the aging process but does not enhance
performance.
e.
It is generally safer than anabolic steroids and human growth hormone.
COMPLETION
1. ____________________ are substances or treatments that purportedly improve athletic performance
above and beyond what is possible through training.
2. ____________________ ingested prior to high-intensity sports performance buffers the acid and
neutralizes the carbon dioxide, thereby maintaining muscle pH levels closer to normal and enhancing
exercise capacity.
3. ____________________ has been shown to raise the concentration of muscle carnosine, which
enhances the muscles’ buffering capacity.
4. Supplementing the diet with ____________________ during training has been shown to increase
muscle mass and strength, especially among untrained individuals.
5. ____________________ is the volume of blood discharged by the heart each minute.
6. Immediately after the onset of a demand, before muscle ATP pools dwindle, a muscle enzyme begins
to break down ____________________.
7. After the first 10 seconds or so of intense activity, energy from the phosphagen system diminishes, so
muscle cells call upon the ____________________.
8. To meet the more prolonged demands of sustained activity, the muscles rely on the
____________________ to provide ATP for muscle contraction.
9. ____________________ involves training the muscles to store as much glycogen as they can, while
supplying the dietary glucose to enable them to do so.
10. ____________________ is a transient condition of low hemoglobin in the blood, associated with the
early stages of sports training or other strenuous activity.
MATCHING
a.
2
k.
Glucose
b.
8
l.
Creatine
c.
20
m.
Glycogen
d.
70
n.
Hydration
e.
102
o.
Flexibility
f.
600
p.
Lactate
g.
Oxygen
q.
Hypertrophy
h.
Fitness
r.
Hypothermia
i.
Alcohol
s.
Hyperthermia
j.
Caffeine
t.
Sports anemia
1. The body's ability to deal with stress
2. The capacity of the joints to move with less chance of injury
3. Increase in muscle size and strength
4. A precursor in the formation of a high-energy compound in muscle cells
5. Required for aerobic metabolism
6. A chief substance of the Cori cycle that is released by muscles
7. Depletion of this substance leads runners to experience "hitting the wall"
8. Recommended amount of carbohydrate as percentage of total energy intake of endurance athletes
9. Substance in muscle that serves as a source of energy and water
10. Maximum number of minutes that high intensity activity can be supported by the aerobic system
11. The U.S. average protein intake for males in grams
12. Transient condition of low blood hemoglobin in athletes
13. Early symptoms of this disorder include nausea and stumbling
14. Number of kcalories expended from evaporation of one liter of sweat
15. Early symptoms of this disorder include shivering and feeling cold
16. The replacement of fluids during physical activities
17. Recommended amount of water intake, in cups, for each pound of body weight lost from physical
activity
18. Stimulant used to enhance performance during exercise
19. Depressant that promotes fluid losses
20. Recommended carbohydrate intake, in g/kg body weight, of athletes in heavy training
ESSAY
1. Describe at least five major benefits associated with being physically fit.
2. Define and provide examples of aerobic physical activity, moderate-intensity physical activity, and
vigorous-intensity physical activity.
3. Explain the meaning and significance of cardiorespiratory endurance.
4. Define the progressive overload principle as it applies to physical fitness.
5. Discuss the theory and application of resistance training.
6. What is the role of lactate in physical activity?
7. Describe three factors that influence fat use during physical activity.
8. Compare the protein needs of endurance and strength athletes.
9. How might supplemental vitamin E adversely affect physically active people?
10. Describe the risks for hyperthermia and hypothermia in physically active people. What is the role of
fluid support in prevention and treatment?
11. Discuss the need for water in maintaining physical performance.
12. Describe an appropriate diet for physically active people.
13. Why do many people and especially athletes believe in ergogenic aids?
14. Discuss the pros and cons of caffeine use in competitive athletic events.
15. Describe the hazards of using anabolic steroids and human growth hormone as ways of improving
physical performance.
ANS:
