Chapter 14: Internet Architecture Key
1. In 1987, the former Soviet Union launched the world’s first satellite, Sputnik.
2. In the late 1960s, ARPA was responsible for developing ARPANET, a computer network and research and
development project that became the precursor to the modern Internet.
3. The Internet evolved due to the need for survivable communications during the Cold War.
4. One Internet milestone that emerged from the requirement for a more reliable communications scheme was
packet switching, which was developed in the United States by RAND Corporation engineer Paul Baran in the
late 1960s.
5. Circuit switching breaks information into smaller segments called packets and routes each packet
individually through the network, usually over the most efficient or most available path.
6. Another major milestone in Internet history came in the late 1970s, when TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol) was developed as the common communications standard for ARPANET.
7. The development of the Web is attributed to Oxford graduate Paul Baran of the European Organization for
Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland.
8. Tim Berners-Lee developed the first Web browser Mosaic.
9. A router reads the destination IP address and uses a routing tableto look up information for how to forward
the packet.
10. A routing table is essentially a database on the router that provides information for how destinations can be
reached most efficiently.
11. Packets usually traverse only one router before they reach their destination across the Internet.
12. The routers in one service provider’s networks cannot communicate with routers in other such networks.
13. Various protocols enable routers to share network changes that are reflected in updates to router tables. An
example of a routing protocol that provides this service is Border Gateway Protocol(BGP).
14. Traffic from one network flows seamlessly to other networks across the Internet through interconnection
locations called Internet exchange points(IXPs).
15. Routing tables are the physical location where disparate backbone trunks from service providers
interconnect and exchange Internet traffic. Physically, these transmission trunks terminate at rates of gigabits
per second into ports on high-speed switches and routers.
16. Each device that communicates over the Internet must use a unique address known as a domain name.
17. The traditional standard for IP addresses, called IPv6 (IP Version 6), specifies 32 bits for each address.
18. The IETF engineered two initial technical approaches to conserving Internet addresses: Classless
Interdomain Routing (CIDR), which eliminated the Class A, B, and C distinctions, and Network Address
Translation (NAT), a technique that allowed a network device such as a router to share a limited number of
public IP addresses among many devices on a private network.
19. IPv6 expanded the IP address length from 32 to 64 bits.
20. IPv6 deployment is occurring more rapidly in United States and other countries than in Asia.
21. Yahoo.com is an example of a domain name where the “.com” is classified as the top level domain and
“yahoo” is the second level domain.
22. Country codes are also classified as top level domains.
23. Within a domain name, the word to the left of the top-level domain is called a second level domain.
24. The DNS not only allows users to locate the IP address of any Web site, it allows them to find an e-mail
address or the address of other Internet applications such as FTP files.
25. Root name servers maintain a master file, called the root zone file, that lists the names and IP addresses of
the official DNS servers for all TLDs.
26. A URL is a string of characters associated with a specific information resource, such as www.ebay.com,
www.gmu.edu, and so on.
27. The de factomessaging protocol that historically has supported Internet e-mail is FTP.
28. Web interactions require the encoding of information in a standard format called Hypertext Markup
Language (HTML) or eXtensible Markup Language (XML).
29. Rather than storing files on a server or large database management system, P2P technologies distribute files
that are stored on the hard drives of individual users.
30. VoIP is a cost effective alternative to traditional telephone service and has quickly become a major Internet
application.
31. The W3C, under the auspices of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), still
has centralized responsibility for the IP address space, including both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
32. ICANN is a nonprofit organization incorporated in California and historically overseen by the U.S.
Department of Commerce.
33. Some countries restrict or prohibit Internet access for political or religious reasons.
34. Net neutrality has several meanings, but it generally refers to the principle of nondiscrimination on the
Internet.
35. Which agency was responsible for developing ARPANET?
36. Who developed the concept of packet switching?
37. Which Switzerland based organization was Tim Berners-Lee affiliated with when he developed the WWW?
38. Who developed the first Web browser called Mosaic?
39. Which of the following does a router use to look up information on how to forward a packet to its
destination?
40. Which of the following is a protocol that specifically enables routers to share network changes that are
reflected in updates to router tables?
41. Which of the following allows service providers to share the costs of shared exchange points and provide
service-level agreements for characteristics such as reliability and latency, the delay that packets undergo en
route to a destination?
42. Which of the following is a protocol responsible for routing packets from a source to a destination over a
complex network?
43. Which of the following is a 128-bit IP address standard?
44. Which of the following numbering systems is used to represent IPv4 addresses in shorthand notation so that
humans may be able to easily read them?
45. Which of the following numbering systems is used to represent IPv6 addresses in shorthand notation so that
humans may be able to easily read them?
46. Which of the following are technical approaches for conserving Internet addresses?
47. Which of the following is an example of a domain name?
48. Which of the following are protocols associated specifically with email?
49. Which of the following is a protocol specifically used to establish and maintain communications over the
Internet between a computer user (client) and a Web site (server).
50. Which of the following was the de factomessaging protocol that historically has supported Internet e-mail?
51. Which organization allocates large blocks of addresses to regional Internet registries (RIRs) and national
Internet registries (NIRs) around the world?
52. Which organization allocates IP addresses in Asia and the Pacific?
53. Which of the following terms refers to the principle of nondiscrimination on the Internet?
54. Which of the following are controversial issues surrounding the Internet?
55. The history of the Internet can perhaps be traced as far back as the ____________________War.
56. In the late 1960s, an agency called ____________________ was responsible for developing ARPANET
57. The hierarchical, centralized nature of communication systems such as the traditional
____________________ network made them more susceptible to severe disruption, because an outage in a
single location could disable the entire system.
58. ____________________ switching establishes a physical path through the network between a caller and
receiver and maintains the path for the entirety of the call.
59. One Internet milestone that emerged from the requirement for a more reliable communications scheme was
____________________ switching, which was developed in the United States by RAND Corporation engineer
60. One major milestone in Internet history came in the late 1970s, when ____________________ was
developed as the common communications protocol/standard for ARPANET.
61. Part of ARPANET was split into ____________________ , which focused on military issues. ARPANET
was transformed again in the 1980s when the National Science Foundation took control of part of ARPANET,
called ____________________.
62. The development of the Web is attributed to Oxford graduate Tim Berners-Lee of ____________________
in Geneva, Switzerland.
63. The Internet ____________________—the global collection of high-capacity trunks (transmission lines)
that carry the bulk of Internet traffic—is not owned and operated by any single company or government.
64. The Internet backbone is a collection of high-speed, interconnected networks run by large
_________________________such as AT&T, British Telecom, France Telecom, Qwest, and Verizon, to name
65. The foundation of the Internet’s architecture is an enormous number of ____________________.
66. The routers in one service provider’s networks can communicate with routers in other such networks
because they adhere to the same routing ____________________.
67. Traffic from one network flows seamlessly to other networks across the Internet through interconnection
locations called ____________________.
68. _____________________ agreementsallow service providers to share the costs of shared exchange points
and provide service-level agreements for characteristics such as reliability and latency, the delay that packets
undergo en route to a destination.
69. Each device that communicates over the Internet must use a unique address known as an
____________________address.
70. A 32-bit IP address is understood by a computer but is awkward for people to use. Therefore, industry
convention dictates a shorthand method called the, ____________________ format.
71. The IETF engineered two initial technical approaches to conserving Internet addresses:
____________________, which eliminated the Class A, B, and C distinctions, and ____________________, a
technique that allowed a network device such as a router to share a limited number of public IP addresses
among many devices on a private network.
72. In addition to address conservation strategies, the IETF selected a new standard, now called
____________________, to exponentially expand the number of globally unique addresses.
73. Fortunately, Internet users do not have to remember numeric IP addresses while using the Internet. Instead,
users can employ alphanumeric names that are easy to remember. These are known as
____________________.
74. Within a domain name, the word to the left of the top-level domain is called a ____________________
level domain.
75. A method is needed to translate between alphanumeric domain names and the associated IP addresses
required for routing information across the Internet. This translation is called ____________________and is
performed by the DNS.
76. An important architectural component of the Internet is its collection of ____________________ servers,
which are usually just called root servers.
77. Besides domain names, resources on the Internet are further identified by a URL, short for
_________________________.
78. Although the Internet was originally envisioned as a tool for resource and file sharing, one of its first
popular uses was ____________________.
79. E-mail is a ____________________ systemthat does not require the simultaneous online presence of
senders and receivers
80. E-mail messages primarily consisted of text when the Internet community developed SMTP, but today
messages incorporate multimedia and include attachments, thanks to newer messaging formats such as
____________________.
81. The arrival of e-mail at a local server and its transmission from the remote server to the recipient are
separate transactions that use different sets of communications protocols, known as mail retrieval protocols.
Examples include ____________________ and ____________________.
82. A more real-time messaging approach than e-mail is ____________________ messaging.
83. The Web is a client/server system. It uses a standard network protocol, ____________________ to establish
and maintain communications over the Internet between a computer user (client) and a Web site (server).
84. A series of well-publicized lawsuits, especially those brought by the ____________________, have
attempted to curtail downloading of copyrighted information.
85. Jon Postel maintained a list of host names and IP addresses, first as a graduate student in Los Angeles and
later as part of the ____________________, an organization funded by the U.S. Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency (DARPA).
86. ____________________ is a nonprofit organization incorporated in California and historically overseen by
the U.S. Department of Commerce.
87. Organizations such as the ____________________ develop Web specifications and the
____________________ establishes Internet-related LAN standards such as the Wi-Fi specifications.
88. Discuss the major milestones that occurred during the evolution of the Internet in the 1970s.
89. List the important technological systems and components of the Internet.
90. Explain the role of IXPs within the Internet.
91. List the various IPv4 address classes.
92. List the original seven TLDs.
93. Discuss the role of the Domain Name System.
94. Give one example of a URL.
95. List the various applications of the Internet.
96. Discuss issues related to net neutrality.
97. Discuss some social challenges that the Internet has posed on society.