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1. Although most prisons are classified as medium-security prisons, more than half of all inmates are held in
____________________ institutions.
a.
Minimum-security
b.
Maximum-security
c.
Super-maximum-security
d.
Drug rehabilitation
2. Which of the following is a type of regimented, dehumanizing institution, in which like-situated people are kept in
social isolation, cut off from the world at large?
a.
Total institution
b.
Complete prison
c.
Extensive incapacitation
d.
Inclusive institute
3. Which of the following is a correctional policy that stipulates that prisons are meant to punish, not coddle, inmates?
a.
No frills policy
b.
Hard-hitting corrections
c.
Robust rehabilitation
d.
Stringent sentencing
4. Before inmates are sent to prison, they must first go through a battery of psychological and personality tests in a process
known as:
a.
Cataloging.
b.
Divisional placement.
c.
Correctional clutching.
d.
Classification.
5. One of the most detailed characterizations of prison life was delivered by inmate-turned-author James A. Paluch, Jr.,
who referred to prisons as:
a.
Death traps.
b.
Cold coffins.
c.
Cesspools.
d.
Double victimization.
6. Inmates who may not be able to defend themselves and are often beaten or raped are known as:
a.
Rats.
b.
Punks.
c.
Crow.
d.
Rollie.
7. Which of the following is the loosely defined culture that pervades prisons and has its own norms, rules, and language?
a.
Inmate social code
b.
Inmate subculture
c.
Prisonization code
d.
Inmate cipher
8. An unwritten code of behavior, passed from older inmates to younger ones, that serves as a guideline for appropriate
inmate behavior is called:
a.
Inmate social code.
b.
Inmate subculture.
c.
Prisonization.
d.
Inmate cipher.
9. Assimilation into the separate culture of prison is known as:
a.
Inmate social code
b.
Prisonization
c.
Inmate code
d.
Inmate induction
10. With regard to the inmate code, an individual who uses the code as his personal behavior guide is known as a:
a.
Rat
b.
True con
c.
Right guy
d.
Rabbit
11. A common practice found often in female prisons but not as often in male prisons is the process of self-mutilation
known as:
a.
Cutting.
b.
Carving.
c.
Sculpting.
d.
Slicing.
12. According to statistics released in 2012 of inmates recently discharged from prison, what proportion of inmates had
been sexually victimized by a guard or inmate?
a.
1 in 10
b.
3 in 10
c.
5 in 10
d.
8 in 10
13. Which of the following is not one of the top three reasons institutions experience high rates of sexual coercion?
a.
Lenient security
b.
Barrack-style housing
c.
Direct-style pod housing
d.
Large prison populations
14. The first faith-based prison was established in which state in 2003?
a.
Tennessee
b.
Vermont
c.
Florida
d.
Kentucky
15. Which type of program uses a psychosocial, experiential learning process that relies on positive peer pressure within a
highly structured social environment?
a.
Drug resistance education programs
b.
Therapeutic communities
c.
Remedial drug communities
d.
Medicinal communities
16. The federal prison industries are more widely known as:
a.
UNICEF.
b.
UNICOR.
c.
UFPIP.
d.
NEXTOR.
17. Federal legislation that allowed prison-made goods to be sold across state lines if the projects complied with strict
rules, such as preventing undercutting the existing structure, was called the:
a.
Federal Lautenberg Act.
b.
Free Enterprise Act.
c.
Percy Amendment.
d.
Hiro Amendment.
18. Rehabilitation programs drastically changed after the 1970s release of the Martinson Report, which stated that in
regard to rehabilitation programs:
a.
“We need change.”
b.
“Nothing works.”
c.
“They’re a complete success.”
d.
“Corruption is rampant.”
19. In which case did the U.S. Supreme Court uphold Alabama’s refusal to hire female correctional officers at male
institutions on the grounds that it would put them in significant danger?
a.
Myers v. Lee
b.
Fairchild v. Livingston
c.
Dothard v. Rawlinson
d.
Kapchuk v. Orsagos
20. In which 1964 case did the Supreme Court rule that inmates who were being denied the right to practice religion were
entitled to legal redress?
a.
Cooper v. Pate
b.
Henry v. Erbacher
c.
Shotinstein v. Breckingridge
d.
O’Lone v. Sancomb
21. The most important provision of which 1996 act was the requirement of prisoners to exhaust all internal administrative
grievance procedures before they can file a civil rights case in federal court?
a.
Prison Litigation Reform Act
b.
Prisoner Rights Act
c.
Civil Liberties Reform Act
d.
Percy Amendment
22. Which of the following is the landmark 2002 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that correctional officials who
knowingly violate the Eighth Amendment rights of inmates can be held liable for damages?
a.
Shabazz v. McMillian
b.
Artz v. Harvey
c.
Hope v. Pelzer
d.
Briggs v. Hawley
23. When overcrowding becomes a violation of the Eighth Amendment rights of prisoners, the Supreme Court can rule
that states must release prisoners, as they did with 30,000 inmates in 2011 in which state?
a.
California
b.
Texas
c.
New York
d.
Florida
24. Which form of parole is characterized by smaller caseloads and closer surveillance and may include frequent drug
testing and electronic monitoring?
a.
Intensive supervision parole
b.
Rigorous supervision
c.
Substantive supervision parole
d.
Individual-based parole
25. Studies show that intensive supervision parole programs have produced:
a.
Overwhelmingly positive results.
b.
Generally negative results.
c.
Positive results for females but not males.
d.
Mixed results.
26. Which of the following is not an element of the inmate code?
a.
Don’t interfere with inmates’ interests.
b.
Don’t lose your head.
c.
Don’t talk to the guards.
d.
Be tough and don’t lose your dignity.
27. Under the new inmate culture, which ethnic groups tend to be the most cohesive?
a.
African American and White
b.
African American and Latino
c.
Latino and White
d.
There isn’t much cohesion in terms of race.
28. According to which theory do rioting and other forms of collective violence occur when prison officials make abrupt
efforts to take control of the prison and limit freedoms?
a.
Administrative-control theory
b.
Inmate-balance theory
c.
Prison overcrowding theory
d.
Inmate deterrence perspective
29. According to which theory does rioting and other forms of collective violence occur in response to crowded
conditions?
a.
Administrative-control theory
b.
Inmate-balance theory
c.
Prison overcrowding theory
d.
Inmate deterrence perspective
30. According to which theory does rioting and other forms of collective violence occur in response to poor quality
management styles?
a.
Administrative-control theory
b.
Inmate-balance theory
c.
Prison overcrowding theory
d.
Inmate deterrence perspective
31. Which of the following are substantive rights?
a.
Access to the courts, legal service, and materials
b.
Freedom of the press
c.
Freedom of religion
d.
All of these are substantive rights
CASE 14.1
Jason Fitch, a 35-year-old white male, is arrested in his home for domestic battery, aggravated assault on a police
officer, and possession of heroin following an incident in which neighbors called the police after hearing an
argument. Given this information, answer the following questions.
32. In evaluating Mr. Fitch’s case file, correctional caseworkers decide that Jason needs help working on his aggressive
tendencies and his expression of these feelings. Most likely Mr. Fitch would be placed in:
a.
Drug rehabilitation counseling.
b.
An anger management course.
c.
Individual faith-based counseling.
d.
Intensive supervision counseling.
33. Given the likelihood of a dependence upon heroin, Mr. Fitch was placed in drug treatment programs as well, one in
which he was given which of the following drugs, which helps substitute for heroin and eventually will help him get off of
the drug.
a.
Zofran
b.
Cymbalta
c.
Methadone
d.
Zovirax
34. Following eight months in a minimum-security prison, Mr. Fitch was given a _________________ so that he could
attend a community college and further his education.
a.
Work release
b.
Furlough
c.
Educational pass
d.
Schooling clearance
35. Given the seriousness of his crime, yet having no prior convictions, Mr. Fitch was recognized as being an excellent
candidate for which form of parole characterized by smaller caseloads and mandatory drug testing?
a.
Intensive supervision parole
b.
Exhaustive parole
c.
Day reporting
d.
Arduous allotment parole
CASE 14.2
Three inmates, all African Americans, have felt segregated from the rest of the prison and have felt that their
privileges for recreation, meals, and religious practices have been ignored. Given this information, answer the
following questions.
36. The prison in which the three men in question have been housed for years has been allowed to operate under a policy
that allows prison administration a free hand in running the institution even if it violates the inmate’s rights. This is called
the ___________________.
a.
Free-hand policy
b.
Blind-eye doctrine
c.
Hands-off doctrine
d.
Preview policy
37. After exhausting all of their internal complaints to prison officials, the three men sued for violation of their rights
using which well-known federal device?
a.
Carter-Justice Act, 78 U.S.C. 1977
b.
Federal Lautenberg Act
c.
Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. 1963
d.
Ashurst–Sumners Act
38. The three men, all Muslims, felt that the prison should allow for a separate area for them to practice their religion. The
federal court denied their request based on the Court decision in which case?
a.
Seville v. Thomas
b.
O’Lone v. Estate of Shabazz
c.
Simpson v. Minnesota Correctional Facilities
d.
Porter v. Nussle
CASE 14.3
A South Carolina inmate serving a twenty-five-year sentence for second-degree murder was recently diagnosed as
HIV-positive. He had argued for years that he should be tested and believed the correctional facility did very little
to accommodate this request. Given this information, answer the following questions.
39. Using the argument that the correctional facility’s denial of his right to be tested for HIV constituted cruel and unusual
punishment, which Amendment did the inmate use as a basis for a lawsuit?
a.
First Amendment
b.
Fourth Amendment
c.
Seventh Amendment
d.
Eighth Amendment
40. The inmate sued the correctional facility and won, using which case, in which the Supreme Court mandated an
inmate’s right to have medical care.
a.
Henry v. Knappford
b.
Estelle v. Gamble
c.
Hudson v. McMillian
d.
Kemp v. Eithier
41. Following the above decision, the inmate’s lawyer cited the case of Hope v. Pelzer, which ruled that:
a.
Improper medical care constitutes cruel and unusual punishment.
b.
Correctional officials who knowingly violate an inmate’s Eighth Amendment rights can be held liable for
damages.
c.
Inmates who have their Eighth Amendment rights violated should be immediately released or have their
sentence reduced.
d.
Prisoners should be given special privileges if they are diagnosed with or contract a disease that is detrimental
to the health of the prison population.
42. During the past twenty-five years, the number of secure correctional facilities increased threefold.
a.
True
b.
False
43. Sex offenders find it difficult to adjust to prison because of the dislike by guards and inmates.
a.
True
b.
False
44. “Punks,” refers to the troublemaker inmates who cause problems for elder inmates by failing to follow the inmate
code.
a.
True
b.
False
45. Before 1960, few women were in prison and women’s prisons were relatively rare.
a.
True
b.
False
46. Historically, white women were treated much differently than African American women, with African American
women being placed in male prisons and forced to work on chain gangs.
a.
True
b.
False
47. Unlike their male counterparts, female inmates are more likely to be middle-aged, white, and married, with some
education.
a.
True
b.
False
48. The rigid, anti-authority inmate social code found in many male institutions does not exist in female institutions.
a.
True
b.
False
49. It is estimated that about half of all female inmates are members of make-believe families.
a.
True
b.
False
50. Straight inmates are more likely to respect “true” homosexual inmates, because their lifestyle was homosexual before
entering prison.
a.
True
b.
False
51. “Queens,” inmates who dress and act like women, are respected even more than punks in the prison subculture
because they choose their lifestyle.
a.
True
b.
False
52. Naltrexone is a drug commonly used in prisons to treat anxiety and anger/aggression issues.
a.
True
b.
False
53. The population of elderly inmates in the United States has decreased by 50% over the past thirty years.
a.
True
b.
False
54. Many researchers believe that the presence of female guards can have an important beneficial effect on the self-image
of inmates and improve working relationships.
a.
True
b.
False
55. Freedom of religion is a fundamental right guaranteed by the First Amendment, and courts have ruled that inmates
have the right to practice religion as long as it doesn’t hinder security efforts.
a.
True
b.
False
56. The actual discretionary decision to grant parole is made at a parole-granting hearing.
a.
True
b.
False
57. Nearly half the women released from prison are either reconvicted or re-incarcerated soon after their release on parole.
a.
True
b.
False
58. In the case of Shaw v. Murphy (2001), it was ruled that inmates do not have an absolute right to correspond with other
inmates, even if it concerns legal advice.
a.
True
b.
False
59. Although criminal law applies to all inmates in a prison setting, it is rarely enforced.
a.
True
b.
False
60. Donald Clemmer’s book The Prison Community was one of the first to document the inmate social code and
subculture.
a.
True
b.
False
61. The setup of most women’s prisons closely resembles that of college dormitories.
a.
True
b.
False
62. About 10% of females entering the prison system are pregnant.
a.
True
b.
False
63. Women inmates report more incidents of sexual assault by male guards as opposed to other inmates.
a.
True
b.
False
64. The Fifth Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment.
a.
True
b.
False
65. The U.S. Supreme Court has established that an inmate’s right to be paroled is absolute.
a.
True
b.
False
66. A __________________________ is a regimented, dehumanizing institution, such as a prison, where people are kept
in social isolation.
67. The loosely defined culture that pervades prisons and has its own norms, rules, and languages is known as
____________________.
68. ____________________ is assimilation into the separate culture of the prison.
69. The theory known as _____________________ states that riots and other forms of violence in prison occur when
officials make an abrupt effort to take control of the prison and limit freedoms.
70. The theory known as _____________________ theory, states that as prison population continues to rise, unmatched
by expanded capacity, prison violence will increase.
71. The federal government helped put private industry into prisons with the passage of the ______________________
Program in 1976.
72. The federal legislation passed in 1979 that allowed for the selling of prison-made goods across state lines with a strict
set of rules was known as the ___________________.
73. Civil rights that include the right of inmates to receive mail and medical benefits are known as________________.
74. A(n) ________________ is an inmate trained in law, or otherwise educated, who helps other inmates prepare legal
briefs and appeals.
75. In the 2005 case of ____________, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of prison inmates on the basis of race, in
their cells or anywhere on prison grounds, is inappropriate.
76. _______________ is the early release of a prisoner from imprisonment subject to conditions set by the correctional
authorities.
77. A prison policy in which inmates receive the bare minimum in terms of food, services and medical care required by
law is referred to as a _______________________ policy.
78. _________________ is the slang term for an inmate who turns to the guards for help.
79. In female prisons, it is not uncommon for the inmates to create their own ___________________, or groups
containing masculine and feminine figures such as fathers, mothers, and sibling children.
80. _________________ programs have been developed to help inmates cope with their violent behavioral urges and
tendencies.
81. __________________ is a prison program that allows inmates to leave during the day to work in the community then
return to prison at night.
82. A _________________ is a correctional policy that allows inmates to leave the institution for educational training,
work, or family commitments.
83. Discuss the problems associated with adult correctional system. In your discussion, examine the growth of the prison
population, the forms of incarceration used, and where most prisoners are housed.
84. Discuss what is meant by the “inmate social code” and what factors have changed in the past fifty years that has
created a “new inmate culture” in many state and federal penitentiaries?
85. Differentiate between individual violence and collective violence. Which has been more problematic to prison safety?
86. List and describe the three main theoretical examples provided for collective violence in prison, and provide an
example for each.
87. Define correctional rehabilitation, and address the main programs discussed in the text.
88. Discuss changes in prisoner’s rights over the past 60 years. In your discussion, address key terms such as the hands-off
doctrine and substantive rights.
89. Discuss the problems with “leaving prison” and “reentry” into society. In your discussion, include why people fail on
parole.
90. Explain some of the hazards a new inmate may experience going into prison for the first time. What are some coping
strategies an inmate might look to in order to survive?
91. Compare and contrast the prison experience for male and female inmates.
92. Explain some of the problems in documenting incidents of prison rape.
93. Explain who is most at risk of being sexually assaulted in prison. Also, explain some of the structural details of the
prison design itself that may be conducive to victimization.
94. Explain how individual and group counseling, faith-based programs, and drug treatment have helped rehabilitate some
inmates.
95. Explain why inmates are at a great risk of spreading HIV to other inmates.
