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14.2 True/False Questions
1) The dynamic equilibrium model considers the balance between endogenic and exogenic
processes.
2) Landscapes in a dynamic equilibrium show ongoing adaptations to ongoing changes occurring
in a landscape.
3) When a landform system reaches a geomorphic threshold, it returns to the old system state.
4) Landscapes return to equilibrium quickly after dramatic events, such as a major landslide.
5) By definition, a landscape in a state of dynamic equilibrium experiences no change.
6) Debris slopes tend to be steeper in arid climates than in humid climates.
7) Weathering refers specifically to the physical (mechanical) processes that break down rocks
and doesn't include the chemical processes that breakdown rocks.
8) Weathering is not influenced by vegetation.
9) Physical weathering changes the chemical composition of the rock.
10) Frost wedging is the result of repeated freeze/thaw cycles.
11) Salt crystal growth is most prevalent in humid regions.
12) Chemical weathering always occurs in the presence of water.
13) Exfoliation is an example of a chemical weathering process.
14) Physical weathering dominates in warm, wet climates.
15) Hydration does not result in the formation of new chemical compounds, whereas hydrolis
produces a different mineral through a chemical reaction.
16) Physical and chemical weathering processes are not separate—they often operate in concert
to decompose and dissolve rock.
17) Karst topography is an example of chemical weathering occurring over entire landscapes.
18) Karst topography involves the chemical weathering of granite landscapes.
19) Major karst regions occur on every continent on Earth.
20) In order for a limestone landscape to develop into karst topography, the limestone formation
must contain at least 30% if calcium carbonate.
21) Vegetation is necessary for the development of karst topography.
22) Solution sinkholes develop rapidly, typically over periods of hours or a few days.
23) Stalactites and stalagmites are examples of dripstones.
24) The driving force of mass movement is gravity.
25) The angle of repose represents a balance between gravity and friction and shear.
26) The angle of repose typically ranges from 15° to 30° from horizontal.
27) A landslide requires a substantial amounts of water to saturate the mass of materials.
28) The movement of unsaturated regolith and bedrock downslope is called earthflow.
29) A talus slope is indicative of soil creep.
30) Freeze/thaw cycles contribute to soil creep.
31) Fence posts and utility poles leaning downslope is indicative of slump.
32) Scarification is an example of anthropogenic mass movement.
14.3 Essay Questions
1) Discuss the dynamic equilibrium model and the concept of geomorphic threshold.
2) Describe the forces acting on a slope, and also the various physical aspects of a slope, such as
waxing slope and debris slope.
3) Describe the processes of denudation.
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4) Describe the factors influencing the weathering process.
5) Briefly describe physical weathering, providing examples of several physical weathering
processes.
6) Briefly describe chemical weathering, providing examples of several physical weathering
processes.
7) In what ways can water be involved in physical and chemical weathering processes?
8) As weathering mechanisms, how does hydration differ from hydrolysis?
9) Discuss the formation and characteristics of karst and examine the various types of karst
topography and associated landforms.
10) List and describe the various classes of mass movement.
11) List and describe anthropogenic mass movement.
