471
d. Rudolph lives with her daughter and granddaughter in order to help his daughter pay the bills. Rudolph
also serves as his granddaughter’s child care during the day since they cannot afford daycare.
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.97 Children of lesbian mothers
a. have lower grades in school than children of heterosexual mothers.
b. have more psychological problems than children of heterosexual mothers.
c. are less likely to identify with their own gender.
d. resemble children of heterosexual parents in many domains.
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.98 Sarah was reared by her mother and her mother’s lesbian companion. Research suggests that Sarah is
a. likely to develop much the same as children reared by heterosexual couples.
b. likely to be homosexual as an adolescent or young adult.
c. unlikely to develop typical gender-based interests, activities, and friends as a preschooler.
d. likely to have a poor self concept.
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.99 As parents have more children, they tend to
a. increase their expectations for their children. c. become more punitive with their children.
b. become more affectionate with their children. d. become more relaxed in their discipline.
Chapter Module: Brothers and Sisters
14.100 Which of the following is TRUE of first-born children compared to later-born children?
a. First-borns have lower scores on intelligence tests.
b. First-borns are more willing to conform to parents’ and adults’ requests.
c. First-borns are more innovative.
d. First-borns are more popular with peers.
Chapter Module: Brothers and Sisters
14.101 Danielle is a first-born child whereas Samantha is a later-born child. Which of the following is TRUE?
a. Danielle is more likely to go to college.
b. Danielle is likely to be more innovative.
c. Samantha is likely to be more willing to conform to parents’ and adults’ requests.
d. Samantha is likely to be less popular.
Chapter Module: Brothers and Sisters
14.102 Research suggests that only children are likely to be __________ than children with siblings.
a. more selfish c. less mature
b. more intelligent d. more egotistical
Chapter Module: Brothers and Sisters
14.103 Compared to children with siblings, research has shown that only children
a. have lower grades. c. are more dependent upon parents.
b. are more immature. d. show more leadership.
Chapter Module: Brothers and Sisters
14.104 Based on current research, are the only children in today’s China less cooperative and more self-centered
than previous generations of Chinese youngsters when there wasn’t a limit on family size?
a. Yes – these “onlies” are less concerned with pleasing their parents’ and other adults’ requests.
b. Yes – only children in China tend to be less interested in academics than past generations of children.
c. Yes and No – these “onlies” still follow the requests of their elders but they do so only if it also benefits
themselves too.
d. No – only children in China are no different than non-only children of past generations.
Chapter Module: Brothers and Sisters
14.105 Adopted children
a. tend to lag behind non-adopted children in terms of their cognitive development.
b. are less likely to have a secure mother-infant attachment than non-adopted children.
c. are more likely to have conduct problems if they were adopted at an older age.
d. are at risk for problems solely because they are adopted.
Chapter Module: Brothers and Sisters
473
14.106 Children who are adopted
a. more often have a difficult temperament than non-adopted children.
b. are more likely to have problems when their care before adoption was poor.
c. at a younger age have more problems than those who were adopted when older.
d. are more likely than non-adopted children to have attachment problems and cognitive delays.
Chapter Module: Brothers and Sisters
14.107 When Courtney was 5 and her younger sister Jessica was 3, they got along well with each other. What
would you expect their relationship to be like when Courtney is 12 and Jessica is 10?
a. they are likely to be more quarrelsome
b. they are likely to be more competitive
c. they are likely to continue to get along well together
d. it is difficult to predict future relationships from past relationships
Chapter Module: Brothers and Sisters
14.108 Sibling relationships are more likely to be harmonious when siblings
a. have different interests. c. are emotional.
b. are young children rather than adolescents. d. are of the same sex.
Chapter Module: Brothers and Sisters
14.109 Research on sibling relationships has found that
a. relationships are more harmonious when siblings are of the opposite sex than when they are of the
same sex.
b. relationships become worse as the younger sibling enters adolescence.
c. relationships are less harmonious when children believe that their parents have “favorites.”
d. conflict between siblings is not related to conflict between the parents.
Chapter Module: Brothers and Sisters
14.110 Which sibling pair is most likely to have a warm, harmonious relationship?
a. Allison and Ashley, whose parents have a “favorite”
b. Ryan and Katie, who are of the opposite sex
c. Beth and Sarah, whose parents have a good quality relationship
d. Jacob and Joshua, who both tend to be emotional
Chapter Module: Brothers and Sisters
14.111 Jordan’s father beat him with a chair, causing a broken arm, cuts, and bruises. Jordan was a victim of
a. psychological abuse. c. sexual abuse.
b. physical abuse. d. neglect.
Chapter Module: Maltreatment: Parent-Child Relationships Gone Awry
14.112 While Sheena was at day care, she was fondled in her private parts by one of her teachers. Sheena
experienced
a. physical abuse. c. sexual abuse.
b. psychological abuse. d. neglect.
Chapter Module: Maltreatment: Parent-Child Relationships Gone Awry
14.113 Which type of maltreatment occurs when parents do not provide adequate food, clothing, or medical care?
a. physical abuse c. neglect
b. psychological abuse d. sexual abuse
Chapter Module: Maltreatment: Parent-Child Relationships Gone Awry
14.114 When Landon’s mother ridiculed and humiliated him, she was committing a form of
a. physical abuse. c. neglect.
b. sexual abuse. d. psychological abuse.
Chapter Module: Maltreatment: Parent-Child Relationships Gone Awry
14.115 Abused children
a. have normal relationships with peers. c. do not have behavior problems in school.
b. get lower grades in school. d. are likely to be promoted a grade in school.
Chapter Module: Maltreatment: Parent-Child Relationships Gone Awry
14.116 Jimmy was abused as a child. He is
a. likely to be overly aggressive with his peers.
b. as likely as nonabused children to have good relations with his peers.
c. no more likely than nonabused children to have behavior problems in school.
d. likely to have emotional problems as a child, but not as an adult.
Chapter Module: Maltreatment: Parent-Child Relationships Gone Awry
14.117 Valentino and colleagues wanted to know if positive relationships with mothers would protect children
from the harm of maltreatment. What of the following is NOT correct regarding their research findings?
14.118 Children who had been physically abused had many symptoms regardless of whether their maternal
representations were positive or negative.
14.119 Children who had not been maltreated had fewer symptoms regardless of whether their maternal
representations were positive or negative.
14.120 Children who had been neglected had fewer symptoms when their maternal representations were negative.
14.121 A positive representation of the mother-child relationship reduces the impact of maltreatment.
Chapter Module: Maltreatment: Parent-Child Relationships Gone Awry
14.122 Which of the following statements about child abuse is TRUE?
a. Children are less likely to be abused in countries such as the U.S. where physical punishment is condoned.
b. Parents without financial problems are just as likely as parents living in poverty to abuse their children.
c. Maltreatment of older children is more common than maltreatment of younger children.
d. Children are more likely to be abused when families are somewhat isolated from others.
Chapter Module: Maltreatment: Parent-Child Relationships Gone Awry
14.123 Parents who abuse their children
a. tend to have satisfying marital relationships.
b. have realistic expectations of this children that their child should be able to meet but don’t.
c. are unlikely to have ever been abused themselves as a child.
d. often use ineffective parenting techniques.
Chapter Module: Maltreatment: Parent-Child Relationships Gone Awry
476
14.124 Child abuse is more likely to occur when
a. children are infants or preschoolers than when they are older.
b. children are healthy.
c. parents have frequent contact with and receive help from friends and relatives.
d. parents have low expectations for their children.
Chapter Module: Maltreatment: Parent-Child Relationships Gone Awry
14.125 Who is most likely to be the target of abuse?
a. a 2-year-old c. a 10-year-old
b. a 7-year-old d. a 16-year-old
Chapter Module: Maltreatment: Parent-Child Relationships Gone Awry
14.126 Children who __________ are more often abused.
a. are older c. are frequently ill
b. don’t cry very often d. are healthy
Chapter Module: Maltreatment: Parent-Child Relationships Gone Awry
14.127 Which of the following would help prevent child maltreatment?
a. teaching parents to use an authoritarian parenting style
b. encouraging the use of physical punishment to discipline children
c. teaching parents not to depend on others for support
d. changing American attitudes toward “acceptable” levels of punishment and poverty
Chapter Module: Maltreatment: Parent-Child Relationships Gone Awry
TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS
14.128 According to the systems view of families, parents influence their children, but children do not influence
their families.
477
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.129 Connections among the microsystems (e.g., mother-child and mother-day care) are known as mesosystems.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.130 Although the influence of the exosystem is at least secondhand, its effects on the developing child can be
quite strong.
Chapter Module: Parenting
may not experience firsthand but that still influence development.
14.131 The mother-child dyad or child-school dyad is an example of the exoystem level.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.132 The broadest environmental context is the chronosystem, the subcultures and cultures in which the other
systems are embedded.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.133 When parents have reasonable expectations for their children and monitor their activity, their children tend
to be better adjusted.
Chapter Module: Parenting
their children tend to be better adjusted.
14.134 Authoritarian parents explain rules and encourage discussion.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.135 Children often have low self-esteem when parents are authoritarian.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.136 Research consistently shows that authoritarian parenting is best for most children, most of the time.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.137 Children of authoritative parents are often impulsive and easily frustrated.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.138 Parents with higher socioeconomic status tend to be more controlling and more punitive, characteristics
associated with the authoritarian style of parenting.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.139 Parents in China are less likely to emphasize parental control and are more likely to express affection than
are parents in the United States.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.140 Children whose parents use direct instruction and parental “coaching” tend to be more socially skilled and
to have better relationships with their peers.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.141 Punishment works best when it is administered hours after an undesired behavior occurs.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.142 Children often imitate physical punishment.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.143 Time-out is effective because it interrupts the child’s ongoing activity.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.144 After time-out, parents should explain to the child why he/she was punished and what he/she should have
done instead.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.145 If parents solve their conflicts constructively, conflict can actually be positive for children, because it
shows that their family is cohesive and able to withstand life’s problems.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.146 If a parent is frazzled due to work-related stress, the parent should withdraw from family interactions in
order to protect their children.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.147 As children grow older, their parents control them more.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.148 An example of the impact of children’s behavior on parents is that, when children respond to parents
defiantly, their parents often resort to harsher forms of punishment.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.149 Children’s behavior helps determine how parents treat them and the resulting parental behavior influences
children’s behavior, which in turn causes parents to again change their behavior.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.150 Beginning in the 2nd year after a divorce, most children start adjusting to their new circumstances.
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.151 Single mothers have more discipline problems with their daughters than with their sons.
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.152 Children often adjust better to parental divorce if they live with the opposite-sex parent.
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.153 Many of the effects of divorce are really caused by marital conflict before the divorce.
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.154 Divorce is more harmful when it occurs during the preschool or college years.
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.155 To help children adjust to their new life circumstances following a divorce, parents should compete with
each other for their children’s love and attention.
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.156 According to the research of Velez and colleagues (20110, when children have a high-quality relationship
with their mother—she is warm to them and communicates well with them—they are empowered to deal
with the unique challenges they face as they adjust to life aft r their mother’s divorce.
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.157 Preadolescent boys tend to adjust better to their mother’s remarriage than do preadolescent girls.
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.158 Supportive grandparents are very close to their grandchildren, are very involved in their lives, and
frequently perform parental roles, including discipline.
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
481
14.159 Influential grandparents are similar to supportive grandparents, but they do not take on parental roles.
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.160 Influential and supportive roles are more frequently taken by paternal grandparents than maternal
grandparents.
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.161 Grandparents are more involved when they live near their grandchildren and when they have a few, rather
than many, grandchildren.
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.162 African American children who live in extended families are better off than those who live in single-parent
families.
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.163 Children raised by gay and lesbian parents are most likely to be homosexual in adolescence.
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.164 Multiple adults are important – but who the adults are seems to matter more than what they do.
Chapter Module: Brothers and Sisters
14.165 Parents have more realistic expectations and are more relaxed in their discipline with later-born children.
Chapter Module: Brothers and Sisters
14.166 Firstborns are more popular with their peers and are more innovative than laterborns.
482
Chapter Module: Brothers and Sisters
14.167 Laterborns are more likely to go to college and have higher scores on intelligence tests than firstborns.
Chapter Module: Brothers and Sisters
14.168 Only children have lower levels of intelligence and are more immature than children with siblings.
Chapter Module: Brothers and Sisters
14.169 Many studies have compared only and non-only children in China; most comparisons find no differences;
when differences are found the advantage goes to the non-only children.
Chapter Module: Brothers and Sisters
14.170 Adopted children who are adopted at an older age or who experienced poor care before adoption are more
likely to have conduct disorders than other children.
Chapter Module: Brothers and Sisters
14.171 Children may revert to more childish behavior when a younger sibling is born.
Chapter Module: Brothers and Sisters
14.172 When siblings are born, fathers become less involved with older children.
Chapter Module: Brothers and Sisters
14.173 Older siblings are a source of care and comfort for younger siblings when they are distressed or upset.
Chapter Module: Brothers and Sisters
14.174 Sibling relationships are more harmonious between siblings of the opposite sex than between siblings of the
same sex.
483
Chapter Module: Brothers and Sisters
14.175 Sibling relationships improve as the younger sibling reaches adolescence.
Chapter Module: Brothers and Sisters
14.176 When siblings fight, parents should not interfere and should let them work things out on their own.
Chapter Module: Brothers and Sisters
14.177 One factor that protects children from the damaging effects of abuse is their ego-resilience.
Chapter Module: Maltreatment: Parent-Child Relationships Gone Awry
14.178 Having a positive working model of their mother protects children from some harm of maltreatment.
Chapter Module: Maltreatment: Parent-Child Relationships Gone Awry
14.179 Countries that accept physical punishment have lower rates of child abuse.
Chapter Module: Maltreatment: Parent-Child Relationships Gone Awry
14.180 Parents who maltreat their children often have unrealistically high expectations for their children.
Chapter Module: Maltreatment: Parent-Child Relationships Gone Awry
14.181 Older children are abused more often than infants and preschoolers.
Chapter Module: Maltreatment: Parent-Child Relationships Gone Awry
14.182 Biological children are more often abused than are stepchildren.
Chapter Module: Maltreatment: Parent-Child Relationships Gone Awry
Answer: False
Page(s): 463
Type: Factual
Diff: Moderate
14.183 Maltreatment and abuse can be cut in half when families participate for 2 or more years in intervention
programs that include preschool education and family support.
Chapter Module: Maltreatment: Parent-Child Relationships Gone Awry
Answer: True
Page(s): 464
Type: Factual
Diff: Hard
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
14.184 According to Bronfenbrenner the child is embedded in a series of complex and interactive systems. Name
and describe these five interacting systems.
Chapter Module: Parenting
Page(s): 436–437
Type: Conceptual
Diff: Moderate
14.185 Name and describe Baumrind’s four parenting styles.
Chapter Module: Parenting
Page(s): 438–439
Type: Conceptual
Diff: Moderate
485
14.186 Name and briefly describe the five different styles of grandparenting.
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
Page(s): 451–452
Type: Conceptual
Diff: Moderate
14.187 List some common traits associated with firstborn, laterborn, and only children.
Chapter Module: Brothers and Sisters
Page(s): 454–455
Type: Factual
Diff: Easy
14.188 Describe (1) cultural/social, (2) parental, and (3) child factors that contribute to child abuse.
Chapter Module: Maltreatment: Parent-Child Relationships Gone Awry
Page(s): 461–463
Type: Conceptual
Diff: Hard
ESSAY QUESTIONS
14.189 You and your spouse want to use a consistent style of parenting in raising your son. Your spouse was raised
in an authoritarian home where the children did as they were told without questioning. You were raised in
an authoritative home in which your parents had firm rules but they could be flexible about these rules.
Based on what you know about the outcomes of children from authoritarian and authoritative homes, which
style of parenting would be the best for you and your spouse to choose? Explain your answer.
Chapter Module: Parenting
Page(s): 438–439
Type: Applied
Diff: Moderate
14.190 Julie, who lives in the U.S., and Jiang, who lives in China, met while cruising the Pacific and, as they got to
know each other, they started comparing their cultures. When they got to the topic of parenting behavior,
what differences between their two cultures would you expect them to discover?
Chapter Module: Parenting
Page(s): 439–440
Type: Applied
Diff: Moderate
14.191 You and your fiancé want to determine whether you are truly compatible before you get married and so
have been discussing your ideas about parenting. Your fiancé tells you that when he was a child, his parents
used only one form of discipline – spanking – and because he seemed to turn out all right, that’s how he
plans to discipline his children. You, however, would prefer not to use physical punishment and, instead,
want to rely more on reinforcement, time-out, and reasoning. How would you (1) explain these alternative
parenting techniques to your fiancé, and (2) tell him some of your concerns about the use of punishment?
Chapter Module: Parenting
Page(s): 440–442
Type: Applied
Diff: Moderate
14.192 Paul and Mary have been married for 20 years. They have started fighting a lot. Paul comes to you for
help. He knows that all marriages experience conflict now and again. However, he is starting to wonder
how his fighting with his wife is affecting his children. What would you tell him? How does chronic
conflict affect children? What suggestions would you give Paul for helping his children handle conflict?
Chapter Module: Parenting
Page(s): 442–443
Type: Applied
Diff: Moderate
14.193 Your friend Mark and Bianca are getting an amicable divorce. They have two sons and they want to do all
that they can to provide the best circumstances for the adjustment of their sons. Based on the research on
the adjustment to parental divorce, what suggestions would you give Mark and Bianca?
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
Page(s): 446–448
Type: Applied
Diff: Moderate
14.194 Your sister–in-law recently announced that she is a lesbian, and she is divorcing your brother. Your sister–
in-law would like to have custody of their two children, but your brother does not want his children raised
by a lesbian. What can you tell your brother about the development of children whose parents are gay or
lesbian that might make him feel better about the situation?
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
Page(s): 453–454
Type: Applied
Diff: Moderate
14.195 You and your spouse have one wonderful daughter and you are trying to decide if you should have another
child. On the one hand, you are quite content with your daughter. On the other hand, your spouse is afraid
that your daughter will be selfish, spoiled, and self-centered if she is an only child. Based on what you
know about only children, what would you tell your spouse?
Chapter Module: Brothers and Sisters
Page(s): 455
Type: Applied
Diff: Moderate
14.196 Your friend Shabrisha is concerned because her 7-year-old daughter and 5-year-old son seem to fight
constantly. Shabrisha’s daughter has always been temperamental and Shabrisha thinks that the fighting may
be her fault. Shabrisha remembers being very close to her sister when they were children and she thinks
that her own children might be unusual because they fight so much. What can you tell Shabrisha about the
factors that are related to harmonious relationships between siblings?
Chapter Module: Brothers and Sisters
Page(s): 457–459
Type: Applied
Diff: Moderate
14.197 As you’re watching the news you hear some dismal statistics from the US Department of Health and
Human Services. Nearly 750,000 children annually suffer from some form of maltreatment – neglect,
physical abuse, sexual abuse, or psychological abuse . If you were given the opportunity to make some
grand changes in the American society to reduce the likelihood of child abuse, what changes would you
make?
Chapter Module: Maltreatment: Parent-Child Relationships Gone Awry
Page(s): 463–464
Type: Applied
Diff: Moderate
