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Chapter 14
Quick Quiz
1. Heidi lives with her mother, father, sister, and brother. According to Bronfenbrenner’s systems theory, Heidi’s
family is part of her
a. mesosystem c. microsystem
b. macrosystem d. exosystem
2. All systems are dynamic and change over time, a dimension that Bronfenbrenner referred to as the
a. mesosystem c. chronosystem
b. macrosystem d. dynasystem
3. Candace is often unhappy, has low self-esteem, and is overly aggressive with peers. What type of parents is
Candace most likely to have?
a. authoritarian c. permissive
b. authoritative d. uninvolved
4. Who is most likely to be impacted by divorce?
a. Karrie, who is not very emotional c. Don, who tends to interpret events negatively
b. Joseph, who is 4 years old d. Sara, who is 18 years old
5. All of the following are things that parents can do to help their children adjust to divorce EXCEPT
a. expect that children will sometimes be angry and sad about the divorce.
b. explain together to the children why they are divorcing.
c. remain involved in the children’s lives, even if they don’t have custody.
d. ask children to mediate parental disputes so that parents can get the children’s input.
6. Who is most likely to be an influential grandparent?
a. Madea, an African American maternal grandmother
b. Ruth, an African American paternal grandmother
c. Judy, a European American maternal grandmother
d. Mindie, a European American paternal grandmother
7. Who is most likely to conform to parents’ and adults’ requests?
a. a firstborn child c. a youngest child
b. a middle child d. an only child
8. Which pair of siblings is most likely to have a harmonious sibling relationship?
a. Joey (age 4, male) and Justin (age 8, male) c. Monica (age 13, female), and Rachel (age 14, female)
b. Holly (age 4, female) and Will (age 7, male) d. Carl (age 13, male), and Katy (age 16, female)
9. Nick, a single father, has become very caught up in his own life. As a result, his two kids often go without
dinner four to five nights a week. In addition, they often have to wear dirty clothes to school because Nick
doesn’t do the laundry. Nick’s kids are suffering from
a. physical abuse. c. psychological abuse.
b. sexual abuse. d. neglect.
10. Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning factors that contribute to child abuse?
a. Abuse is more common in cultures that do not tolerate physical punishment.
b. Stepchildren are more likely to be abused than biological children.
c. Parents who abuse their children were often abused themselves as children.
d. Abuse is more common when families live in poverty.
Chapter 14
Quick Quiz Answers
1. Chapter Module: Parenting
2. Chapter Module: Parenting
3. Chapter Module: Parenting
4. Chapter Module: The Changing Family
5. Chapter Module: The Changing Family
6. Chapter Module: The Changing Family
7. Chapter Module: Brothers and Sisters
8. Chapter Module: Brothers and Sisters
9. Chapter Module: Maltreatment: Parent-Child Relationships Gone Awry
10. Chapter Module: Maltreatment: Parent-Child Relationships Gone Awry
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Chapter 14
Family Relationships
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
14.1 Most theorists view families from a contextual perspective that views
a. parents’ actions as all that matter for children’s development.
b. the family as a system of interacting elements, with parents and children influencing each other.
c. biological factors as the pivotal elements influencing development.
d. social systems outside the family as having little impact on development.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.2 According to the systems view of families,
a. parents influence their children, both directly and indirectly, but children do not influence their parents.
b. a family’s neighborhood can affect family dynamics.
c. parents influence their children directly, but not indirectly.
d. a family’s culture does not influence family dynamics.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.3 People and objects in an individual’s immediate environment comprise an individual’s
a. macrosystem. c. microsystem.
b. mesosystem. d. exosystem.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.4 The day after he discovered his parents were divorcing, Benji was upset by the news from home and picked
a fight at school. Bronfenbrenner would describe this relationship between home and school environments
as being part of the
a. exosystem. c. macrosystem.
b. microsystem. d. mesosystem.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.5 The election of new school board members brought about a radical change of philosophy in Hannah’s
school system which changed her teacher’s behavior in the classroom. The indirect influence of the
composition of the school board on Hannah in her school environment is an example of a(n)
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a. mesosystem. c. exosystem.
b. microsystem. d. macrosystem.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.6 Cultural influences are part of the
a. microsystem. c. mesosystem.
b. macrosystem. d. exosystem.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.7 According to Bronfenbrenner’s theory,
a. events that happen in one microsystem do not influence other microsystems.
b. only one’s immediate environment influences development.
c. individuals experience exosystems first hand.
d. the macrosystem is the broadest environmental context.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.8 The ______________ dimension reminds us that microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem
are not static but are often in flux.
14.9 endosystem c. temperamental
14.10 chronosystem d. ethological
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.11 Richard is openly affectionate with his two sons and enjoys spending a great deal of time with them.
Richard is high on the __________ dimension of parenting.
a. control c. inhibition
b. authoritarian d. warmth
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.12 When parents employ a high degree of __________, children tend to be secure, happy, and better behaved.
a. warmth c. negative reinforcement
b. control d. punishment
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Chapter Module: Parenting
14.13 Parental control is most effective when
a. parents explain their expectations and reasons for rules.
b. parents don’t insist on enforcing rules every time they are broken.
c. parents don’t give children a chance to question their decisions.
d. standards appropriate for adults are set for children to meet.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.14 Sean and Sybil’s parents hear an announcement on TV that asks, “Parents, do you know where your
children are?” Their answer is, “No, and we don’t really want to know where they are.” Sean and Sybil’s
parents are low on which dimension of parenting?
a. control c. hostility
b. warmth d. indifference
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.15 Which of the following statements reflects good parenting practices?
a. Parents should exercise little control over their children.
b. Parents should be flexible and not enforce their rules consistently.
c. Parents should not explain their rules.
d. Parents should set standards that are appropriate for their child’s age.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.16 You are writing a pamphlet about effective parenting practices. Which of the following statements would
be most appropriate to include in the pamphlet?
a. “Show your child who is boss. Allow no discussion, no questioning, no disobedience of your authority.”
b. “Don’t be rigid. Change your rules often and keep your children guessing.”
c. “Communicate with your children. Explain your rules and encourage your children to ask questions if
they don’t understand or disagree with your standards.”
d. “Keep your standards firm. Set standards for behavior at a young age, and keep them the same as your
children get older.”
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.17 Parents who lay down rules for their children to follow without argument are showing which style of
parenting?
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a. authoritarian c. permissive
b. authoritative d. uninvolved
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.18 Authoritarian parents exhibit __________ control and __________ warmth.
a. high; low c. high; high
b. low; high d. low; low
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.19 __________ parenting combines a fair degree of parental control with being warm and responsive to
children.
a. Permissive c. Authoritarian
b. Uninvolved d. Authoritative
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.20 Authoritative parents
a. exert restrictive control over their children.
b. are firm but warm and responsive to their children.
c. exert very little control over their children.
d. are not involved with their children.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.21 When Dustin asked his mother if he could spend the night at a friend’s house on a Thursday night, his
mother told him, “No, because that’s a school night and you’d be tired at school the next day. Would you
like to ask your friend to spend the night at our house on Friday?” Dustin’s mother appears to take an
__________ approach to parenting.
a. permissive c. authoritative
b. uninvolved d. authoritarian
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.22 Parents who are warm and caring but exert little control over their children have an __________
parenting style.
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a. authoritative c. uninvolved
b. authoritarian d. permissive
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.23 Moonbeam’s parents are very loving and accepting of her and believe in letting her “do her own thing”
rather than trying to control her life. Moonbeam’s parents most closely fit the __________ parenting style.
a. uninvolved c. authoritative
b. permissive d. authoritarian
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.24 __________ parents are neither warm nor controlling.
a. Uninvolved c. Authoritarian
b. Permissive d. Authoritative
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.25 Although Parker’s parents provide him with adequate food and shelter, they often are so busy with their
own activities that they spend very little time with him and usually leave him to fend for himself. Parker’s
parents would be described best as
a. uninvolved. c. authoritative.
b. permissive. d. authoritarian.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.26 Children of authoritarian parents typically
a. have high grades in school.
b. have high levels of self-esteem.
c. are the least likely to be involved in misconduct at school.
d. are often unhappy.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.27 Miguel’s parents have an authoritative parenting style. You would expect Miguel to
a. be self-reliant. c. have low self-esteem.
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b. be irresponsible. d. have low grades in school.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.28 Christine’s parents are warm and caring but exercise little control over her. Christine is most likely to be
a. friendly and get good grades in school. c. aggressive and moody.
b. impulsive and have little self-control. d. responsible and self-reliant.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.29 Your friend asks you for advice on how he and his spouse should rear their children so they will turn out to
be responsible, self-reliant, sociable, and good students in school. You tell him, “From what I’ve read in
my textbook, my advice is to be __________ parents.”
a. permissive c. authoritative
b. uninvolved d. authoritarian
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.30 Who is MOST likely to have low grades and to get in trouble in school?
a. Vern, whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style
b. Bart, whose parents have a permissive parenting style
c. Glenn, whose parents have an authoritative parenting style
d. Owen, whose parents have an uninvolved parenting style
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.31 Which parents would you expect to show the most warmth and the least amount of control?
a. parents in Latin America
b. parents in Taiwan
c. European American parents
d. parents who emigrated from Taiwan to the United States
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.32 In many Latin American and Asian countries, __________ is stressed more than __________.
a. individualism; collaboration c. control; warmth
b. cooperation; individualism d. cooperation; self-reliance
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.33 European American parents are more likely than Chinese parents to believe in the importance of
a. individualism and self-reliance. c. parental control.
b. cooperation and collaboration. d. emotional restraint.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.34 Within the United States, parents with lower socioeconomic status tend to be _____________ than are
parents of higher socioeconomic status.
14.35 more controlling and more punitive c. warmer and more lenient
14.36 less controlling and less punitive d. more uninvolved
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.37 Which of the following factors is associated with the fact that parents with lower socioeconomic status are
more likely to have the authoritarian parenting style than are parents with higher socioeconomic status?
14.38 Parents with lower socioeconomic status are more educated and consequently often see development as a
more complex process that requires a more child-friendly approach.
14.39 Parents with higher socioeconomic status often lead more stressful lives so parents may be too stressed to
invest the energy needed for authoritative parenting.
14.40 Parents with lower socioeconomic status are more likely to live in neighborhoods where there is violence,
drugs, and crime so having an authoritarian style may actually protect children growing up in dangerous
neighborhoods.
14.41 Parents with higher socioeconomic status place a stronger emphasis on family ties and respecting the roles
of parents leads them to adopt the authoritarian parenting style more so than parents with lower
socioeconomic status.
Chapter Module: Parenting
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14.42 Sybil wants her daughter to put her dishes in the dishwasher. She shows her how to open the dishwasher,
tells her where different items go, and explains that if everyone in the family puts their dishes away, it will
be much easier to keep the kitchen clean and pleasant. Sybil is using
a. reinforcement. c. direct instruction.
b. punishment. d. inhibition.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.43 When parents tell a child what to do, when, and why, they are using
a. reinforcement. c. counterimitation.
b. punishment. d. direct instruction.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.44 After Josh saw his older brother teasing and taunting their younger sister, Josh started teasing and taunting
younger children. This is an example of
a. reinforcement. c. inhibition.
b. observational learning. d. counterimitation.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.45 Counterimitation involves
a. a child being unwittingly rewarded for an undesired behavior.
b. two children taking turns imitating each other.
c. learning through observation that certain behaviors should not be performed.
d. an increase in all behaviors observed.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.46 After Amber saw her parents punish her older sister for using profanity, Amber became less likely to use
profanity. This is an example of
a. reinforcement. c. counterimitation.
b. a negative reinforcement trap. d. time-out.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.47 __________ is any action that increases the likelihood of the reoccurrence of the response that it follows.
a. Punishment c. Modeling
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b. Counterimitation d. Reinforcement
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.48 Praising a child for studying is an example of
a. punishment. c. reinforcement.
b. counterimitation. d. inhibition.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.49 An action that discourages the reoccurrence of the response that it follows is referred to as
a. reinforcement. c. modeling.
b. punishment. d. counterimitation.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.50 When Travis teased his younger sister, his parents made him go to his room. His parents were attempting to
use __________ to influence Travis’s behavior.
a. counterimitation c. reinforcement
b. modeling d. punishment
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.51 When a parent unknowingly reinforces behaviors she wants to discourage, it results in
a. a negative reinforcement trap. c. counterimitation.
b. punishment. d. inhibition.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.52 When Daryl’s mother asked him to set the table, he complained that he was too tired to do it. After he
argued and whined for several minutes, Daryl’s mother went ahead and set the table herself just so she
wouldn’t have to listen to him whine anymore. As a result, Daryl learned that whining is an effective way
to get out of doing something. This situation is referred to as the
a. positive reinforcement trap. c. punishment trap.
b. negative reinforcement trap. d. parent trap.
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Chapter Module: Parenting
14.53 A child argues and whines when his mother asks him to clean his room and then she cleans his room
herself so that he will stop whining. This is an example of
a. disinhibition. c. reinforcement.
b. counterimitation. d. a negative reinforcement trap.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.54 Punishment
a. should be administered hours after an undesired behavior occurs.
b. teaches children new, more acceptable behaviors.
c. often makes children angry so that they ignore why they are being punished.
d. is not related to greater aggression in children.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.55 Drew’s parents often spank him to correct his misbehaviors. Drew is
a. not likely to repeat his misbehaviors.
b. likely to understand what the punishment was intended to teach him.
c. unlikely to become upset by the punishment.
d. likely to resort to aggression when he has conflicts with others.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.56 When Arnold misbehaves, his parents have him sit alone for a few minutes in the laundry room, which is
quiet and away from the rest of the family. Arnold’s parents are using
a. reinforcement. c. disinhibition.
b. time-out. d. the negative reinforcement trap.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.57 Time-out should last for
a. just a few minutes. c. about 1 hour.
b. about 30 minutes. d. several hours.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.58 After a time-out occurs, parents should
a. give their child a reward.
b. punish their child.
c. talk to their child about why the punished behavior was objectionable.
d. let their child resume normal activities without mentioning the misbehavior.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.59 Which of the following descriptions of parent-child relations is most accurate?
a. Parents often influence their children’s behavior, but children rarely influence their parents’ behavior.
b. Children influence their parents’ behavior, but parents rarely influence their children’s behavior.
c. Parents often influence their children’s behavior, and children often influence their parents’ behavior.
d. Neither parents nor children have much influence on the other’s behavior.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.60 Parental conflict affects children’s development through three distinct mechanisms. Which of the
following is not one of these mechanisms?
14.61 When parents are constantly in conflict, children respond positively to conflict because they learn that the
family is able to withstand life’s problems.
14.62 Seeing parents fight jeopardizes a child’s feeling that the family is stable and secure, making a child feel
anxious, frightened, and sad.
14.63 Chronic conflict between parents often spills over into the parent-child relationship.
14.64 When parents invest time and energy fighting with each other, they’re often too tired or too preoccupied to
invest themselves in high-quality parenting.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.65 Not all parents work well together, because they
14.66 resolve conflicts in constructive manners instead of destructive manners
14.67 disagree about goals.
14.68 disagree about goals or compete for their children’s attention
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14.69 disagree about goals, compete for their children’s attention, or limit the other parent’s participation.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.70 As children grow older, parents
a. become more physically affectionate with their children.
b. become less controlling of their children.
c. become more controlling of their children.
d. do not change their behavior in terms of either warmth or control.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.71 When Hezron’s parents reason with him about complying with their requests, Hezron often does not
comply. Hezron’s parents are likely to
a. adopt a more authoritarian parenting style. c. adopt a more indulgent-permissive parenting style.
b. adopt a more authoritative parenting style. d. continue to use the same parenting style.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.72 Parent-child relations are best described as
a. parallel. c. unchanging.
b. reciprocal. d. a one-way street.
Chapter Module: Parenting
14.73 Research on the impact of divorce on children suggests that
a. children whose parents divorce fare more poorly than children from intact homes in school achievement
and adjustment.
b. girls are more likely than boys to have harmful effects.
c. divorce is most harmful when it occurs during children’s preschool years.
d. children who are temperamentally emotional are impacted less by divorce.
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.74 Studies of the impact of divorce indicate that
a. the overall impact of divorce is greater for girls than for boys.
b. divorce is more harmful when it occurs during the preschool and college years.
c. children whose parents are divorced do not differ from those whose parents stay married.
d. as adults, children of divorce are more likely to experience conflicts in their own marriages.
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.75 Corrina is an adult whose parents divorced when she was a child. Compared to adults from intact families,
she is
a. no more likely to divorce. c. more likely to have high life satisfaction.
b. more likely to delay having children. d. more likely to become depressed.
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.76 When parents have joint custody, they
a. have a custody arrangement that is beneficial for children, if the parents get along.
b. have a confusing and harmful custody arrangement.
c. have the most traditional custody arrangement.
d. are more likely to fall into the negative reinforcement trap.
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.77 Who is likely to make the best adjustment to parental divorce?
a. Stuart, a boy who lives with his mother
b. Angela, a girl who lives with her father
c. Gabe, a boy who lives with his father
d. Stuart, Angela, and Gabe are equally likely to adjust well to their parents’ divorce
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.78 One reason parental divorce can be harmful is that
a. children often lose a role model.
b. single parents tend to become overly involved in their children’s lives.
c. mothers tend to spend too much money on their children after a divorce.
d. unlike children from intact families, children whose parents divorce are exposed to conflict.
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
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14.79 What advice would you give to parents who want to help their children adjust to parental divorce?
a. Try to get along with your former spouse, especially in regard to child discipline issues.
b. Do what you can to become your children’s favorite parent.
c. Be honest with your children about your feelings toward your ex-spouse, even when it means being
critical of him or her.
d. When you and your spouse can’t agree on child matters, have your child’s opinion settle the issue.
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.80 The impact of divorce is likely to be more harmful
a. for girls than for boys.
b. for boys than for girls.
c. if it occurs during the preschool or college years rather than during the elementary through high
school years.
d. if it occurs during the elementary through high school years rather than during the preschool or
college years.
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.81 Who is likely to suffer the most harmful effects from parental divorce?
a. David, who is an infant c. Kelly, who is in elementary school
b. Steven, who is a preschooler d. Madelyn, who is in college
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.82 According to Sandler and colleagues’ study(2000) that looked at the relation of children’s coping strategies
to the impact of divorce,
a. when children use active coping strategies they are more confident in their ability to control future events
in their lives.
b. using passive coping strategies effectively buffers children against anxiety and depression.
c. children are not able to reduce the harm of divorce by being active problem solvers.
d. when children believe they can cope with future events, they are more likely to be anxious or depressed.
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.83 To help children adjust to parental divorce, parents should NOT
a. encourage children to discuss feelings of anger or sadness about the divorce.
b. take out their anger with each other on their children.
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c. remain involved in their children’s lives if they do not have custody.
d. talk together to children about the divorce.
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.84 Velez, Wolchik, Tein, and Sandler (2011) wanted to determine the benefit for children of an intervention
program for divorced mothers that focused primarily on the quality of the mother-child relationship and
effective disciplinary methods. What did Velez and colleagues find in their study?
a. By increasing the quality of the mother–child relation, the intervention program reduced children’s
coping efficacy and active coping.
b. The intervention program reduced the quality of the mother–child relation but improved children’s coping
efficacy and active coping.
c. By increasing the quality of the mother–child relation, the intervention program improved children’s
coping efficacy and active coping.
d. The intervention program reduced the quality of the mother-child relation and as a result reduced
children’s coping efficacy and active coping.
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.85 Which of the following is an example of a blended family?
a. two sisters and two brothers
b. a father, mother, son, and daughter
c. a grandfather, father, and son
d. a biological father, stepmother, and two sons
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.86 Which statement about the adjustment to having a stepfather is TRUE?
a. Preadolescent boys adjust more readily than preadolescent girls to having a stepfather.
b. Preadolescent girls adjust more readily than preadolescent boys to having a stepfather.
c. In early adolescence, both boys and girls usually adjust readily to having a stepfather.
d. In early adolescence, both boys and girls usually have difficulty adjusting to having a stepfather.
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.87 What advice would you give to a newly created blended family?
a. Stepfathers should show interest in stepchildren, but avoid getting in the way of established relationships.
b. Mothers should spend more time with the stepfathers and less time with their children than they did
before their remarriage.
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c. Mothers and stepfathers should have high expectations for the relationships they have with their children.
d. Mothers and stepfathers should realize that their children will probably never adjust to the blended family.
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.88 Jade spends much of her time at her grandmother’s house, with her grandmother taking care of her daily
needs for food, clothing, and attention. Her grandmother is often the one who goes to school to meet with
Jade’s teacher and to see Jade when she takes part in various school activities. Jade’s grandmother would
be described best as having which of the following grandparenting styles?
a. influential c. authority-oriented
b. supportive d. passive
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.89 Tina’s grandfather is close to Tina and interested in her activities, but he is not interested in getting
involved in her rearing. Which style of grandparenting is Tina’s grandfather showing?
a. influential c. authority-oriented
b. supportive d. passive
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.90 Ruth and Herman rarely see or talk to their grandchildren except on holidays and at family celebrations.
Ruth and Herman have a(n) __________ style of grandparenting.
a. influential c. authority-oriented
b. supportive d. detached
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.91 Joe’s grandfather is a strict disciplinarian who often disciplines his grandson, but otherwise he doesn’t
spend a lot of time with Joe. Joe’s grandfather has a(n) __________ style of grandparenting.
a. influential c. authority-oriented
b. supportive d. passive
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.92 Grandparents tend to be more involved when
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a. they live far from their grandchildren.
b. they have many grandchildren.
c. their children (their grandchildren’s parents) encourage involvement.
d. they didn’t have much of a relationship with their own granparents.
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.93 The influential style of grandparenting is particularly common in which of the following ethnic groups?
a. European American c. African American
b. Asian American d. Native American
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.94 Approximately 1 in 10 ____________ children lives with a grandmother, compared to only 1 in 25
____________ children.
a. European American, African American c. African American, European American
b. Asian American, European American d. Asian American, African American
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.95 Carl is an African American child whose mother is a single parent. Carl and his mother live with his
grandmother, who has taken on the role of the influential grandparent. Carl
a. would be better off if his grandmother took a less active role in his upbringing.
b. is more likely to become involved in drug use and vandalism than a child living alone with a
single-parent.
c. is likely to resemble children living in two-parent families more than children living in single–parent
families in terms of achievement and adjustment.
d. is likely to have lower achievement than he would if they did not live with his grandmother.
Chapter Module: The Changing Family
14.96 Grandparents can affect their grandchildren’s lives indirectly through the intergenerational transmission of
parental attitudes and practices. Which of the following scenarios illustrates this point?
a. Delia had affectionate parents as a child. Now that she is a parent herself, she is affectionate toward her
children.
b. Gertrude is an influential grandmother who plays an active role in the rearing of her grandson Howard.
c. Judy’s teenage daughter recently gave birth to a son Julian. Judy has taken on the primary responsibility
of raising Julian since her daughter is still in high school.