Chapter 13 Which The Following Allows Diverse Computing

Chapter 13: Communication Protocols Key

1. The purpose of communication protocols, which are also called computer networking

protocols or standards, is to ensure interoperability.

2. Proprietary protocols are considered open and interoperable with other protocols.

3. The OSI reference model, was developed in the 1980s by the International Organization for Standardization

(ISO).

4. The OSI Model divides protocols into four layers.

5. Layer 1 of the OSI reference model is called the Network layer.

6. Layer 2 of the OSI reference model is called the Data Link layer.

7. The Physical layer of the OSI model specifies the functions of protocols that define the electrical, optical, and

mechanical specifications for the interface between a device and a transmission medium, such as fiber-optic

cable, coaxial cable, or twisted pair.

8. An example of a Physical layer standard is the TIA/EIA-232 serial interface specification.

9. The Data Link layer is closely associated with office application software.

10. The Data Link layer is closely associated with specific LAN standards.

11. A logical address is the same as a physical address.

12. The Network layer of the OSI model is responsible for how packets should be routed and switched through

a network.

13. Routers use logical source and destination addresses to determine how to forward information packets

across a network.

14. The term session refers to the logical connection between two devices from the establishment of the

connection to the termination of the session.

15. The TCP/IP protocol suite is a rarely used set of protocols.

16. To communicate over the Internet, a computing device must “speak” TCP/IP.

17. Standards that rise to dominance not through a formal process of collaborative effort, but are adopted over

time by gaining momentum or because they are considered best industry practices are called de jure standards.

18. The ISOis an international standards-setting organization.

19. ANSI is an international standards setting organization.

20. Important IEEE specifications include Ethernet, token ring, and wireless LAN standards.

21. One interesting characteristic of communication protocols is that they are invisible to many

users.

22. Information between the Web site and Web browser is exchanged using HTTP.

23. Protocols are just a technical design decision and have no economic or social implications.

24. Which of the following allows diverse computing environments to interoperate by providing published

guidelines for formatting and exchanging information.

25. Protocols perform which of the following tasks?

26. Protocols are often grouped into families called:

27. Protocol suites are divided functionally into:

28. A vendor-specific protocol implementation is sometimes called a:

29. Layer 3 of the OSI reference model is called the:

30. The specifications defined at this layer are critical for the successful functioning of routers.

31. Layer 4 of the OSI reference model is called the:

32. Layer 5 of the OSI reference model is called the:

33. Layer 6 of the OSI reference model is called the:

34. Layer 7 of the OSI reference model is called the:

35. Voltage levels, transmission rates, signal timing, connection specifications, and other characteristics are

addressed at this layer.

36. Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) is an example of a protocol existing at which level of the OSI

reference model?

37. SONET is an example of a protocol existing at which level of the OSI reference model?

38. Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG) is an example of a protocol existing at which level of the OSI

reference model?

39. Common network protocols that operate at the Application layer include:

40. An example of a Presentation layer encryption standard is:

41. A well-known standard for encoding textual information is:

42. Which is an example of a physical layer protocol?

43. An example of a session layer protocol is:

44. Unlike the seven-layer OSI framework, the protocols of what is usually called the TCP/IP protocol suite are

grouped into how many layers:

45. The first layer of TCP/IP is called the

46. The third layer of TCP/IP is called the

47. The fourth layer of TCP/IP is called the

48. Which of the following is the international standards-setting organization made up of national standards

bodies from more than 150 countries?

49. Wireless LAN standards are set by which of the following organizations?

50. Another term for communication protocol is communication ____________________.

51. ____________________ are predetermined, agreed-upon rules that specify how information is formatted,

exchanged, and interpreted between nodes over a network.

52. ____________________ is the ability of equipment and software made by different manufacturers to work

with each other.

53. OSI stands for __________________________________.

54. An example of a standard at the data link layer is ___________________.

55. One example of a Network layer protocol is the ___________________.

56. Two common examples of Transport layer protocols are __________________________________ and

57. TheSession layer, as the name suggests, describes protocols that establish, maintain, and terminate

____________________ between two computing devices that are exchanging information.

58. The Presentation layer is aptly named because it is responsible for the ___________________ of

information.

59. HTTP is an important Application layer protocol because it enables the exchange of information between a

Web ___________________ and a Web ___________________.

60. The “http” that often appears at the beginning of a uniform resource locator (URL) is a reference to the

__________________________________ protocol.

61. These networking protocols have become the universal set of rules for information exchange between

computers and associated devices over the Internet: ___________________.

62. TCP stands for ______________________________.

63. IP stands for ____________________.

64. ANSI is short for _____________ National Standards Institute.

65. An example of a standards-setting organization that sets standards for the Internet is

_____________________.

66. IETF is short for Internet Engineering ____________________.

67. The IEEE is the Institute of Electrical and Electronics ___________________.

68. The EIA is the ___________________ Industries Alliance.

69. ISO is the ___________________ Organization for Standardization.

70. An international telecommunications standards organization operating under the auspices of the United

Nations is the ___________________________________________.

71. The organization that establishes Web standards is called the _____________________________.

72. Protocols such as HTML and XML are established by the _____________________________.

73. The standards organization formed to develop standards and technologies that promote U.S. economic

competitiveness and innovation is ___________________.

74. What are some examples of protocols used in real life?

75. Describe how real-life protocols vary from culture to culture.

76. Describe how sending a letter is a good analogy for a communications protocol.

77. What’s the difference between a “layer,” a “protocol standard,” and an actual protocol implementation?

78. What is the OSI reference model?

79. What is the function of protocols at the Transport layer?

80. Explain how communication between two devices requires multiple protocols.

81. What is a de jure standard?

82. What is a de facto standard?

83. What is the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)?

84. What is the RFC series and what does it have to do with the Internet?

85. What is the purpose of digital rights management (DRM) downloading with a song?

86. Why does encryption intersect with public policy issues?

87. Why do technical standards have economic implications?