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42. In most studies of the relationship between drinking and mortality rate, a J-shaped or U-
shaped relationship has been found. This pattern suggests that
a. light and moderate drinkers have a higher death rate than heavy drinkers.
b. moderate and heavy drinkers have a lower death rate than light drinkers.
c. light and nondrinkers have a higher death rate than heavy drinkers.
d. light and moderate drinkers have a lower death rate than nondrinkers or heavy
drinkers.
43. Most studies of level of alcohol consumption and mortality found this kind of a
relationship:
a. S-shaped.
b. J-shaped.
c. direct.
d. inverse.
44. The most likely explanation for the relationship between alcohol consumption and heart
disease is that alcohol
a. raises low-density lipoprotein.
b. raises high-density lipoprotein.
c. lowers high-density lipoprotein.
d. lowers low-density lipoprotein.
45. Which of these conditions is positively related to light and moderate alcohol
consumption?
a. decreased bone density
b. increased depression
c. decreased heart disease
d. decreased general health
46. Low to moderate levels of drinking decrease the risk for __________, but high levels of
drinking increase the risk for ___________.
a. automobile crashes . . . automobile crashes.
b. Alzheimer’s disease . . . Korsakoff syndrome
c. bicycle injuries . . . ulcers
d. gallstones . . . lung cancer
47. Which enzyme breaks alcohol into aldehyde, a toxic chemical?
a. alcohol dehydrogenase
b. aldehyde dehydrogenase
c. malate dehydrogenase
d. acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
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48. Kane, a college senior, has been a moderate drinker for the past two years. Now, he needs
more beers than he did two years ago to feel “buzzed,” which suggests that he has
developed ________.
a. tolerance
b. dependence
c. withdrawal
d. addiction
49. Physical symptoms, such as restlessness, irritability, and tremors, may occur when a
person is experiencing _________ from alcohol.
a. tolerance
b. dependence
c. withdrawal
d. addiction
50. Liver damage or mouth cancer are considered __________ of alcohol and motor vehicle
accidents or aggressive behavior are _________.
a. indirect hazards; direct hazards
b. direct hazards; indirect hazards
c. indirect hazards; direct benefits
d. direct hazards; direct benefits
51. ______, an irreversible condition, is the accumulation of nonfunctional scar tissue in the
liver.
a. Cirrhosis
b. Liver cancer
c. Pancreatitis
d. Jaundice
52. As many as ______ of fatal unintentional injuries throughout the world involve alcohol.
a. 11%
b. 32%
c. 47%
d. 69%
53. Which of the following ethnic groups are more likely to drive after drinking?
a. European Americans
b. Hispanic Americans
c. African Americans
d. Asian Americans
54. ______ combined with alcohol predicts intimate partner violence.
a. Trait anger
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b. Jealousy
c. Emotional lability
d. Both A and B
55. Light to moderate drinking seems to offer a protective benefit by reducing the risk of
death by
a. ischemic stoke.
b. heart disease.
c. hemorrhagic stroke.
d. Both a and b
56. All of the following are benefits of being a light to moderate drinker of alcohol EXCEPT:
a. lower chance of developing Type 2 Diabetes
b. lower risk of experiencing gallstones
c. decreased risk for Alzheimer’s disease
d. lower chance of hemorrhagic stroke
57. The benefits of drinking alcohol appear _________.
a. as soon as one begins to drinking
b. among young adults
c. during middle age
d. never; the benefits do not outweigh the risks.
58. Research on the genetic component of alcoholism tends to indicate
a. no hereditary influence.
b. a strong hereditary influence for both men and women.
c. a strong hereditary influence for women but not for men.
d. some support for the hereditary influence of alcoholism, especially in men.
59. Studies of twins show that
a. both heredity and environment play a role in mild and severe drinking problems.
b. heredity and environment play an equal role in all levels of drinking problems.
c. environment is clearly more influential than heredity in determinism alcoholism.
d. heredity is more influential for men; environment for women.
60. During the past 50 years, the medical community has been most strongly influenced by
this explanation for why people drink:
a. the tension reduction hypothesis.
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b. the stress-response-dampening model.
c. the disease model.
d. the social learning model.
61. According to E. M. Jellinek, people diagnosed as gamma alcoholics
a. have inherited their disease.
b. are unable to abstain from alcohol.
c. cannot control alcohol consumption once they begin to drink.
d. are light to moderate drinkers.
62. Jackson is a binge drinker. He only drinks occasionally, but when he begins drinking he
has little or no ability to stop. This pattern of drinking most closely describes Jellinek’s
concept of _____ alcoholism.
a. gamma
b. beta
c. alpha
d. delta
63. Martha drinks every day. Several times she has tried to quit but seems to be unable to
abstain. Her pattern of drinking most closely describes Jellinek’s concept of _____
alcoholism.
a. gamma
b. beta
c. alpha
d. delta
64. The alcohol dependency syndrome
a. considers alcoholism as a medical disease.
b. assumes that alcoholics lose complete control of their drinking.
c. views alcoholism as an inherited disease.
d. assumes that different people have different patterns of drinking.
65. The disease model explains why people __________ better than _________.
a. drink too much . . . why people start drinking
b. experience cognitive deficits while drinking . . . why some people can abstain
from drinking
c. model the drinking behavior of others . . . why people drink too much
d. start drinking . . . the genetic contributions to alcoholism
66. Which of these terms do NOT apply to the alcohol dependency syndrome?
a. withdrawal symptoms
b. inability to abstain
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c. subjective awareness of the compulsion to drink
d. impaired control
67. The balanced placebo design by Marlatt and his colleagues has been used to measure
a. heritability of alcohol dependence.
b. the expectancy effect of alcohol.
c. subjective awareness of people’s need to drink.
d. withdrawal symptoms.
68. ___________ suggests that people drink because they do not exercise control over their
drinking.
a. Alcohol Dependency Syndrome
b. Moral Model
c. Alcohol Myopic Model
d. Social Learning Model
69. One major criticism of this model is that fails to address why people begin to drink.
a. Disease Model
b. Tension-Reduction Model
c. Alcohol Myopic Model
d. Social Learning Model
70. A research study that asked participants to rate themselves on a variety of traits suggests
that
a. alcohol inflates a person’s self-evaluation
b. alcohol deflates a person’s self-evaluation
c. alcohol inflates a person’s self-evaluation of other people only
d. alcohol deflates a person’s self-evaluation of other people only
71. All of the following is support for the alcohol myopia model EXCEPT:
a. intoxicated people analyze information at a superficial level
b. intoxicated people are more susceptible to distraction
c. intoxicated people recall fewer details of situations they have just experienced
d. intoxicated people focus on abstract, rather than specific, cues in the environment
72. According to social learning theory, people begin to drink because
a. alcohol has pleasurable, and immediate, effects
b. alcohol offers an escape from an unpleasant situation
c. seeing other people drinking and learning from them
d. all of the above
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73. What type of relationship has been found between drinking alcohol and anxiety or
tension?
a. Most studies have found that alcohol reduces tension and anxiety.
b. Alcohol reduces anxiety but increases tension.
c. For some people alcohol increases anxiety, whereas other people experience a
decrease in anxiety when they drink.
d. Physical anxiety is increased when drinking, but social anxiety decreases as a
result of drinking.
74. As an explanation for why people drink, the tension reduction hypothesis has generally
a. not been supported.
b. been supported for both men and women.
c. been supported for men but not for women.
d. been supported for women but not for men.
75. The alcohol myopia view of drinking assumes that alcohol consumption leads to
a. the tendency to deflate one’s accomplishments and abilities.
b. loss of control over one’s drinking.
c. increased friendliness and sexiness.
d. increased aggression and hostility.
76. The concepts of coping, modeling, and negative reinforcement are important ingredients
in this model of drinking.
a. tension reduction model
b. alcohol myopia model
c. alcohol dependency syndrome
d. social learning model
77. The observation that people in different cultures have different beliefs about alcohol’s
effects tends to support
a. the social learning model.
b. the self-awareness model.
c. the tension reduction model.
d. the alcohol myopia model.
78. Which of these statements regarding Alcoholics Anonymous is true?
a. It follows a social learning model of drinking.
b. It insists on the goal of controlled drinking.
c. It insists on the goal of total abstinence.
d. It is based on the assumption that people have complete control over their
drinking.
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79. The Alcoholics Anonymous doctrine
a. calls for complete abstinence.
b. adopts a psychological approach to quitting drinking.
c. holds that most alcoholics will eventually be cured of their problem drinking.
d. includes the notion that its members must give up tobacco products as well as
alcohol.
80. Reviews of psychological interventions for problem drinking show
a. that brief interventions and techniques oriented toward changing motivation were
most effective.
b. psychotherapeutic programs are less effective than Alcoholic Anonymous.
c. once a person is an alcoholic, that person can never return to controlled drinking.
d. that group therapy was more effective than individual therapy.
81. Motivational interviewing is a psychotherapy technique used for treating problem
drinking, and this technique has the advantage of
a. having a 90% improvement rate for problem drinking.
b. being more effective in group settings than when administered individually.
c. being a brief intervention that requires few sessions.
d. all of these.
82. Disulfiram is used in the treatment of alcohol abuse
a. but is limited to controlled drinkers.
b. because it produces unpleasant effects if a person taking it also drinks.
c. because it is associated with a therapy called counterconditioning.
d. due to its ability to treat liver damage.
83. The most common form of treatment for problem drinking is
a. inpatient treatment.
b. outpatient treatment.
c. self-help groups.
d. no formal treatment.
84. ________, a type of therapy where therapists convey their empathy with the client’s
situation, has been shown to be effective in decreasing problem drinking.
a. Motivational interviewing
b. Alcoholics Anonymous
c. Aversion therapy
d. Spontaneous remission
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85. For problem drinkers, most relapses occur within ______ after the end of the treatment
program.
a. 1 week
b. 90 days
c. 6 months
d. 1 year
86. One year after the end of treatment, about _____ of problem drinkers who have
completed the treatment are still abstinent.
a. 10%
b. 25%
c. 35%
d. 55%
87. A major problem with chemical treatments for alcohol abusers (such as disulfiram) is
a. their ineffectiveness.
b. their high relapse rates.
c. their low compliance rates.
d. that they seldom are used along with other treatments.
88. The drugs naltrexone and acamprosate are chemical treatments for alcohol abuse
a. that produce nausea when a person takes either drug and drinks alcohol.
b. that are used in aversion therapy.
c. that help control cravings for alcohol and maintain abstinence.
d. both a and b
89. Alcohol treatment programs with abstinence as the goal
a. sometimes produce patients who are able to resume normal drinking patterns.
b. generally produce higher success rates than programs designed to teach controlled
drinking.
c. have yet to produce patients who are able to resume normal drinking patterns.
d. usually accept the social learning model of drinking.
90. Studies on controlled drinking have found that
a. no true alcoholics can be trained to resume normal drinking.
b. all subjects were functioning well after three years.
c. abstinence-oriented programs sometimes produce controlled drinkers.
d. participants trained to abstain were more likely to be successful than those trained
to control their drinking.
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91. Molly is a licensed professional counselor who has just begun working with problem
drinkers. She read some studies on controlled drinking, and she plans to help people learn
to control their rate of alcohol consumption. Molly should know that
a. controlled drinking is less effective than 12-step programs such as Alcoholics
Anonymous.
b. most treatment facilities in the United States do not support this goal.
c. controlled drinking is less successful with patients after the age of 50.
d. controlled drinking is the goal of most programs in the United States.
92. The neurotransmitter ___________ is involved in the effects of several drugs that affect
brain function.
a. dopamine
b. epinephrine
c. THC
d. methylapoprobate
93. Which statement is true?
a. Legal drugs pose no health threat; illegal drugs do.
b. Neither legal drugs nor illegal drugs pose a health threat.
c. More people are killed by using illegal drugs than legal drugs.
d. Both legal drugs and illegal drugs may pose a heath threat.
94. All drugs that cross the blood-brain barrier
a. change the brain’s chemistry.
b. have side effects.
c. alter perception.
d. all of these.
95. According to the FDA, Schedule I drugs have
a. high abuse potential and no accepted medical use.
b. high abuse potential but accepted medical use.
c. low abuse potential but no accepted medical use.
d. low abuse potential and accepted medical use.
96. Barbiturates are synthetic drugs that
a. are classified as steroids.
b. have little or no tolerance, dependence, or withdrawal properties.
c. are taken recreationally as “stay awake” pills.
d. produce both tolerance and dependence.
97. Morphine and heroin are
a. stimulant drugs.
b. opiates.
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c. used medically to relieve pain.
d. both b and c are correct.
98. Opiate drugs
a. have no potential for medical use.
b. do not produce tolerance or dependence.
c. produce both tolerance and dependence after only a brief time, sometimes as little
as 24 hours.
d. can be refined into barbiturates.
99. Amphetamines
a. are stimulants.
b. are depressants.
c. include opium and marijuana.
d. include barbiturates and tranquilizers.
100. Amphetamines
a. can produce hallucinations and paranoid delusions.
b. cannot produce tolerance.
c. cannot produce dependence.
d. usually decrease blood pressure.
101. Near the end of a party at which Traci had been drinking heavily, someone
offered her cocaine. By using cocaine and alcohol together,
a. Traci will find that the effects cancel each other out.
b. Traci’s body will produce cocaethylene, a potentially deadly chemical.
c. Traci is mixing a depressant and a tranquilizer.
d. all of these.
102. The drug MDMA (“Ecstasy”) produces its effects by
a. prompting neurons to release stored dopamine in greater than normal amounts.
b. slowing the release of GABA.
c. prompting a massive release of serotonin.
d. inhibiting the release of dopamine.
103. The most commonly used illegal drug in the United States is
a. cocaine.
b. marijuana.
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c. anabolic steroids.
d. heroin.
104. All of the following drugs are classified as sedatives EXCEPT:
a. alcohol
b. opiates
c. barbiturates
d. LSD
105. All of the following drugs could be classified as stimulants EXCEPT:
a. Marijuana
b. Caffeine
c. Cocaine
d. Nicotine
106. BethAnne has just taken a drug that leaves her feeling happy and pleasant, but the
side effect is that it may affect the regulation of her body’s temperature. BethAnne has
most likely taken
a. Marijuana
b. Caffeine
c. Ecstasy
d. Nicotine
107. Samuel has just taken an illegal drug that leaves him feeling relaxed, but it has the
side effect of impairing his judgment and coordination. Samuel has most likely taken
a. alcohol
b. marijuana
c. caffeine
d. cocaine
108. The most effective prevention programs for children and teens are programs that
a. highlight the dangerous effects of alcohol and illegal drugs.
b. use moral training.
c. boost self-esteem.
d. teach social skills.
109. Anabolic steroids
a. produce tolerance and dependence in only a few days.
b. decrease body fat and increase muscle mass.
c. are used more by women than by men.
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d. decreases submission and aggression in monkeys.
110. Treatment for the use and abuse of illegal drugs is similar to the treatment of
____, both in the philosophy and the administration of treatment.
a. alcohol abuse
b. smoking
c. overeating
d. exercise addiction
111. Rather than controlling the availability of drugs, some authorities have contended
that a more effective approach would be to control the potential for harm from using
drugs. This approach
a. has been influential among legislators but not among drug abuse authorities.
b. has been influential among both legislators and among drug abuse authorities.
c. has been accepted in all countries except the United States.
d. is controversial and not yet widely accepted.
112. Deaths that can be attributed to illegal drugs are approximately _____ whereas the
effects of smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol, eating unwisely, and not getting enough
exercise account for over ______ of deaths in the US.
a. 50%; 20%
b. 50%; 50%
c. 2%; 60%
d. 30%; 70%
True/False Questions
1.Alcohol consumption in the United States reached a peak during the 1990s.
2.Women and men are not equally affected by drinking alcohol, and one factor in this difference
is body weight.
3.Increasing one’s tolerance to alcohol is a desirable process for most people.
4.Increasing one’s dependence on alcohol is a desirable process for most people.
5.Alcohol is a drug that does not produce withdrawal symptoms.
6.About 70% of all motor vehicle fatalities are a result of alcohol-impaired driving.
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7.Scientific research has debunked the widespread belief that light-to-moderate drinking can
lower people’s risk for heart disease.
8.Most psychologists regard alcoholism as a disease.
9.The Food and Drug Administration considers marijuana as a Schedule I drug.
10.The most commonly used illegal drug in the United States is marijuana.
11. Regardless of how much you drink, alcohol has negative effects on the cardiovascular
system.
12. Men are about twice as likely as women to drive after drinking.
13. Light to moderate drinking provides health benefits compared to abstaining from drinking.
14. Twin studies and adoption studies indicate that genetics plays a stronger role in problem
drinking for men than women.
15. A meta-analysis of studies on alcohol confirmed that expectancy plays an important role in
alcohol’s effects.
16. Women are more likely than men to seek treatment for problem drinking.
17. Most psychoactive drugs do not cause damage to the nervous system.
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Essay Questions
1. Contrast the attitudes and rates of drinking today with the attitudes and rates of drinking
throughout history.
2. What are the hazards of alcohol? What are the benefits?
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3. Trace the development of explanations for problem drinking from the moral model to the
alcohol dependency syndrome.
4. Discuss the balanced placebo design and the research that it has generated about drinking.
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5. Jason and Justin live in the same neighborhood and are both 19 years old. Jason does not
drink and has had a total of less than 10 drinks during his lifetime, whereas Justin drinks
almost every day and gets drunk most weekends. How does the social learning model explain
the differing behavior of the two?
6. Contrast the success of treatment programs oriented toward abstinence with those oriented
toward controlled drinking.
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8. Compare the health effects of illegal drug use with those of alcohol.