Chapter 13 – An Introduction to Genetic Technology
True / False
1. Plasmids are short sequences of DNA used as primers in PCR.
a.
True
b.
False
False
13-3 Cloning Genes Is a Multistep Process
2. Repeating the sequence of the polymerase chain reaction doubles the number of DNA fragments each time.
a.
True
b.
False
True
13-6 A Revolution in Cloning: The Polymerase Chain Reaction
3. Adult cells cannot be used as the source of nuclei for cloning animals.
a.
True
b.
False
False
13-2 What Are Clones?
4. During gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments are separated by size.
a.
True
b.
False
True
13-7 Analyzing Cloned Sequences
5. The basic method of DNA sequencing is the Sanger method.
a.
True
b.
False
True
13-7 Analyzing Cloned Sequences
6. The human genome contains approximately 40,000 genes.
a.
True
b.
False
False
13-5 Finding a Specific Gene in a Library
7. Edwin Southern and his colleagues started the field of genomics.
a.
True
b.
False
8. To interpret microarray data, it is necessary to understand the significance of the color of each dot within the array.
a.
True
b.
False
True
13-8 DNA Microarrays Are Used to Analyze Gene Expression
experiment.
9. Growth hormones given to dairy cows would still be necessary to stimulate milk production in a cloned animal.
a.
True
b.
False
False
13-1 Making Choices About Biotechnology
10. A collection of clones containing all the DNA sequences carried by an individual is called a genomic library.
a.
True
b.
False
True
13-4 Cloned Libraries
Chapter 13 – An Introduction to Genetic Technology
Multiple Choice
11. A restriction enzyme is a ____.
a.
viral enzyme that randomly cuts DNA
b.
DNA ligase enhancer
c.
bacterial enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sites
d.
single-stranded RNA molecule
e.
bacterial enzyme that functions in DNA replication
Bloom’s: Understand
13-3 Cloning Genes Is a Multistep Process
role each plays in the construction of DNA clones.
12. To clone an animal by embryo splitting, ____.
a.
there must be two host animals and two fertilized eggs
b.
a fertilized egg is collected from a donor mother and implanted into a host animal
c.
an egg is fertilized by in vivo fertilization and remains in the host animal to mature
d.
an embryo must be in a blastocyst stage in the host animals while the splitting takes place
e.
an unfertilized egg is collected from a donor mother and then fertilized in a dish by in vitro fertilization
Bloom’s: Understand
13-2 What Are Clones?
summarize the effects of cloning technology on agriculture.
13. An advantage of YACs over other vectors in cloning human genes is that they ____.
a.
are taken up more readily by recipient cells
b.
have a higher capacity for carrying long DNA fragments
c.
are less likely to trigger cell rejection
d.
resemble a human chromosome more closely than do other vectors
e.
carry long regions of human-like DNA
b
Bloom’s: Understand
13-4 Cloned Libraries
(YACs) to construct genomic libraries.
14. Nuclear transfer is a preferred method of cloning over embryo splitting because it ____.
a.
is less technical
b.
is more natural
c.
results in a larger number of cloned offspring
d.
produces both male and female offspring from the same clone
e.
uses haploid nuclei
15. The discovery that some bacteria ____ using enzymes that cut the viral DNA into pieces was one of the first steps in
the development of recombinant DNA technology.
a.
exchange fused plasmid DNA
b.
restrict important nutrients from leaving the bacterial cell
c.
resist viral infection
d.
cut up and recycle mRNA transcripts
e.
attach amino acids to tRNA molecules
c
Bloom’s: Understand
13-3 Cloning Genes Is a Multistep Process
role each plays in the construction of DNA clones.
16. In recombinant DNA techniques, the gaps in the paired DNA fragments are closed by ____.
a.
restriction enzymes
b.
DNA ligase
c.
DNA polymerase
d.
DNA replicase
e.
reverse transcriptase
b
Bloom’s: Understand
13-3 Cloning Genes Is a Multistep Process
role each plays in the construction of DNA clones.
17. During the denaturation step of PCR, ____ bonds are broken when DNA is heated.
a.
hydrogen
b.
double-stranded
c.
ionic
d.
metallic
e.
covalent
a
Bloom’s: Understand
13-6 A Revolution in Cloning: The Polymerase Chain Reaction
advantages over host-cell cloning.
18. During the process of gel electrophoresis, the DNA fragments migrate due to the effects of ____.
a.
gravity
b.
vibrations
Bloom’s: Understand
13-2 What Are Clones?
summarize the effects of cloning technology on agriculture.
Chapter 13 – An Introduction to Genetic Technology
c.
electrical charge
d.
magnetic attraction
e.
centrifugal force
Bloom’s: Understand
13-7 Analyzing Cloned Sequences
HUHE.CUMM.16.13-7-1 – Describe the technique of Southern blots, and summarize its
applications in genetic technology.
19. Vectors can transfer ____.
a.
DNA sequences into bacterial host cells for cloning
b.
DNA sequences into viral host cells for cloning
c.
cloned viral cells into a bacterial host for cloning
d.
cloned mitochondria from donor cell to host cell
e.
cloned chromosomes from the nucleus of a cell into its cytoplasm
Bloom’s: Understand
13-3 Cloning Genes Is a Multistep Process
HUHE.CUMM.16.13-3-2 – Outline the three requirements for DNA cloning, and explain the
role each plays in the construction of DNA clones.
20. A DNA microarray is ____.
a.
used for gel electrophoresis
b.
used identifying fragments of genes using a labeled probe
c.
linked to self-replicating vectors to create recombinant DNA molecules
d.
a series of long mRNA sequences placed on a solid support and has several uses
e.
a series of short nucleotide sequences placed on a solid support and has several uses
Bloom’s: Understand
13-8 DNA Microarrays Are Used to Analyze Gene Expression
how this technique is able to analyze the expression of thousands of genes in a single
21. Southern blot is a method for ____.
a.
amplifying DNA segments using cycles of denaturation, annealing to primers, and DNA polymerase-directed
DNA synthesis
b.
transferring DNA fragments from a gel to a membrane filter and used in hybridization experiments
c.
determining the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule
d.
producing several clones from a single cell by placing the cell in a Petri dish and allowing it to go through
several divisions
e.
detecting mutant genes or differences in the pattern of gene expression
b
Bloom’s: Understand
13-7 Analyzing Cloned Sequences
22. Most often, genomic library screening uses ____.
a.
a labeled, complementary single-stranded RNA or DNA molecule called a probe
b.
colonies of vector bacteria on a Petri dish in order to replicate the desired genome
c.
recombinant plasmids containing DNA and DNA ligase
d.
cut plasmids containing recognition sites used to carry DNA molecules
e.
tRNA polymerase copies with a truncated copy of a DNA template
Bloom’s: Understand
13-5 Finding a Specific Gene in a Library
genomic library.
23. During in vitro fertilization, the fertilized egg ____.
a.
is enucleated and fused with a donor egg
b.
develops in a Petri dish to form an embryo containing 64 to 128 cells
c.
develops in a Petri dish to form an embryo containing four to eight cells
d.
develops in the host animal and eventually results in a clone born to the host
e.
undergoes a second fertilization with a donor animal’s sperm
Bloom’s: Understand
13-2 What Are Clones?
summarize the effects of cloning technology on agriculture.
24. A yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) is a ____ that can accommodate large DNA inserts and uses the eukaryote yeast
as a host cell.
a.
restriction enzyme produced from yeast chromosomes
b.
labeled nucleic acid used to identify a clone within a genome and
c.
q arm of chromosome 15 within a cell that encodes for a restriction enzyme and
d.
cloning vector that has telomeres and a centromere
e.
cloning vector that has 23 chromosomes
d
Bloom’s: Understand
13-4 Cloned Libraries
and expressed sequence libraries.
25. PCR uses two components: ____________________ that serve as templates and primers that bind to regions on either
side of the template to be copied.
a.
yeast artificial chromosomes
b.
tRNA that has been cut by restriction enzymes
c.
mRNA that has been cut by restriction enzymes
d.
double strands of DNA
applications in genetic technology.
Chapter 13 – An Introduction to Genetic Technology
e.
single strands of DNA
Bloom’s: Understand
13-6 A Revolution in Cloning: The Polymerase Chain Reaction
advantages over host-cell cloning.
26. During DNA sequencing, a laser beam scans the fragments on the electrophoresis gel to identify the
____________________.
a.
gene sequence by the color it fluoresces
b.
end nucleotide by the color it fluoresces
c.
useful DNA strands that will be analyzed further
d.
gene products that have been fixed by the gel
e.
gene products that have been sorted by the addition of a probe
b
Bloom’s: Understand
13-7 Analyzing Cloned Sequences
the applications of this technique.
27. The DNA sequencing reaction uses the enzyme DNA polymerase, a primer, and ____________________.
a.
a restriction enzyme
b.
a self-replicating vector
c.
a plasmid RNA
d.
the four deoxynucleotides found in DNA
e.
the four ribonucleotides found in RNA
d
Bloom’s: Understand
13-7 Analyzing Cloned Sequences
the applications of this technique.
28. In a typical application, a DNA microarray is used to compare the ____________________.
a.
expression of genes in two different tissues
b.
alleles of each chromosome
c.
length of DNA fragments in yeast vectors
d.
changes in gene sequences within an allele through generations of a single family
e.
protein products produced when using different DNA sequencing techniques
Bloom’s: Understand
13-8 Microarrays Are Used to Analyze Gene Expression
29. Probes can come from a variety of sources, such as ____________________.
Chapter 13 – An Introduction to Genetic Technology
a.
single-stranded RNA templates
b.
histones from other species
c.
artificially engineered gene sequences
d.
related genes from other species
e.
unrelated genes from other species
d
Bloom’s: Understand
13-5 Finding a Specific Gene in a Library
genomic library.
30. In June 2001 an announcement was made that a draft sequence of the ____________________ nucleotides in the
human genome had been finished.
a.
350 million
b.
990 million
c.
1.1 billion
d.
3.2 billion
e.
56 billion
31. Plant and animal food sources have been improved by ____________________ for thousands of years.
selective breeding
Bloom’s: Understand
13-1 Making Choices About Biotechnology
well as the consumption of products produced by cloned animals.
32. During the Southern blot technique, the cut DNA in the gel is ____________________ to single strands to enable a
labeled probe to bind to complementary sequences of interest in the fragments.
Bloom’s: Understand
13-7 Analyzing Cloned Sequences
applications in genetic technology.
33. The ability to isolate and produce many copies of specific ____________________ molecules had a great impact on
many areas of genetic research.
Bloom’s: Understand
13-2 What Are Clones?
34. During PCR, ____________________ serve as a starting point for the synthesis of the new DNA strand.
35. After a restriction enzyme cuts DNA into fragments and the fragments pair with complementary bases, the enzyme
____________________ is used to seal the gaps in the phosphate backbone.
36. Detecting single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), fusion genes, and mRNAs for alternative splicing are three
applications of ____________________.
37. A technique called the ____________________ has revolutionized molecular biology because it is not as labor
intensive or time consuming as DNA cloning techniques.
38. A series of techniques in which DNA fragments from an organism are linked to self-replicating vectors to create
recombinant DNA molecules, which are then replicated in a host cell, is called ____________________.
39. DNA cloning techniques have made it possible to locate ____________________, map them, isolate them, sequence
them, and transfer them between species.
40. A human ____________________ can be carried in just over 3,000 YACs.
13-4 Cloned Libraries
41. As the first steps in creating recombinant DNA molecules were taking place, scientists immediately realized that
modifying the genetic information in ____________________, a bacterium from the human gut, could be potentially
dangerous.
13-3 Cloning Genes Is a Multistep Process
42. Genes isolated from mice or rats can often be used as ____________________ to identify and isolate the human
version of the same gene.
13-5 Finding a Specific Gene in a Library
13-6 A Revolution in Cloning: The Polymerase Chain Reaction
44. The heart of a microarray is a small piece of ____________________ on which single-stranded fragments of DNA are
attached at a spot called a field.
13-8 DNA Microarrays Are Used to Analyze Gene Expression
45. Instead of a(n) ____________________ group to link nucleotides together, the modified nucleotides used during
13-3 Cloning Genes Is a Multistep Process
Chapter 13 – An Introduction to Genetic Technology
automated DNA sequencing have only an –H.
46. During PCR, ____________________ takes place when primers for DNA replication bind to complementary regions
on the single-stranded DNA fragments.
47. Consumer fears and uncertainty about the safety of cloned milk and meat have prevented these products from being
sold in stores even though the ____________________ has ruled that such food is safe.
48. Although artificial selection may seem slow and unreliable, ____________________ observed that after only a few
generations, breeders produced many varieties of pigeons and minks.
49. A collection of clones containing all the DNA sequences carried by an individual is called a(n)
____________________.
50. To make a typical Southern blot, genomic DNA is extracted and cut into fragments and the fragments are separated by
____________________.
51. Describe a benefit of cloning plants and animals.
52. Explain why identical twins are clones.
53. Describe the steps in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
54. Discuss the benefits of making genome sequencing techniques a routine part of medical care.
55. Summarize the three requirements for cloning once a source of DNA has been selected.
56. Summarize the major advantage of using YACs to carry genome libraries.
57. Explain the role of probes in the search for a specific human gene within a genome library.
58. Describe the process of ‘reading’ a microarray in order to compare the expression of genes in two different tissues—
one that is normal and one that represents a disease such as cancer.
59. List some of the applications of DNA sequencing.
60. In the mid-1970s a group of scientists asked the National Academy of Sciences to appoint a panel to assess the risks of
recombinant DNA technology and the need to control its associated research. Summarize the most important lesson
learned from this event.