40. When someone must plunge his or her hand into boiling water to divine whether he or she is innocent or guilty, it is
called a(n):
a. oath.
b. ordeal.
c. crime.
d. invocation.
e. rite of passage.
41. The basic features of law include:
a. the illegitimate use of physical coercion.
b. allocating official authority to privileged people who are able to use coercion legitimately.
c. the total inability to predict the outcome of disputes because each situation is unique.
d. the use of both formal and informal means of social control.
e. a high incidence of capriciousness and unpredictability.
42. In complex societies, what is the primary emphasis of legal systems?
a. Punishment
b. Restitution to the victim
c. Reintegration of offender into society
d. Reintegration of the corporate lineage into society
e. Demonstration of legal authority
Chapter13—PoliticalOrganizationandSocialControl
43. The primary function of moot courts includes all of the following EXCEPT:
a. to exert conflict resolution.
b. to re-establish harmony between the disputants.
c. to provide restitution.
d. to establish peace in society.
e. to enact punishment.
44. The Customary Law Project in Papua New Guinea contributed all of the following EXCEPT:
a. a legal database of customary law followed by different social groups.
b. a formal list of effective social sanctions to be used.
c. a basis for lawyers to research legal precedence and establish a formal legal system in the country.
d. a means to alleviate conflict between customary law and the national legal system.
e. the development of a family bill to recognize customary marriages and the institution of polygyny.
45. True warfare probably began approximately _________ years ago.
a. 5,500
b. 1,000
c. 10,000
d. 7,000
e. 3,000
Chapter13—PoliticalOrganizationandSocialControl
46. The beginning of warfare likely coincided with which of the following?
a. Polygyny
b. Private property
c. Foraging
d. Food production
e. Establishment of human society
47. All of the following are reasons that food foragers do NOT engage in warfare EXCEPT:
a. they have no means of financing warfare.
b. they do not have large numbers of people.
c. they have no way of controlling people.
d. they do not control territorial boundaries.
e. they do not have as much hostility towards each other.
48. Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to warfare in small-scale societies?
a. Moral objectives
b. Political motivations
c. Social problems
d. Economic sanctions
e. Perceived threats
Chapter13—PoliticalOrganizationandSocialControl
49. In the court case against the six Bannock-Shoshoni Native American women, what type of expert testimony did
anthropologist Barbara Joans offer on their behalf?
a. She studied the daily behavior of the women and was able to testify that, because of the levels of poverty
experienced in Native American reservations, the women should be released.
b. She studied how proficient they were in English and concluded with evidence that they did not fully
understand the initial instruction of the agreement.
c. She argued on behalf of the culture of the six women, explaining that in Bannock-Shoshoni culture stealing is
not a crime and is commonly practiced.
d. She was able to serve as a culture broker and teach the court system about the laws of the Bannock-Shoshoni
people and allow the women to be charged by reservation law.
e. Anthropologist Joans actually testified on behalf of the U.S. government, explaining that the Bannock-
Shoshoni women were well aware of all the laws in the particular transaction.
50. Anthropologist Barbara Joans also served to provide expert testimony for another case involving the Plains Indians.
What was involved in this particular case?
a. The Plains Indians were seeking government reparations for broken treaties.
b. The Plains Indians were seeking land retributions from Idaho.
c. There was a wrongful cremation of a family relative.
d. There was a wrongful incarceration of a young member of the tribe.
e. There was a court case to get recognition as a federal tribe.
51. Political organization involves cultural arrangements to minimize disruption and maintain order.
a. True
b. False
Chapter13—PoliticalOrganizationandSocialControl
52. Leadership roles in band societies tend to be very informal.
a. True
b. False
53. Pan-tribal associations are permanent political fixtures that cut across and integrate all local segments of a tribe.
a. True
b. False
54. In some parts of their colonial empire, the British imposed chiefs over tribal societies.
a. True
b. False
55. State systems are large, hierarchical, and organized on a supra-kinship basis.
a. True
b. False
56. State systems of government are supported by intensive agriculture, which is required to support a large number of
non-food producing bureaucrats.
a. True
b. False
Chapter13—PoliticalOrganizationandSocialControl
57. In some state societies today, women hold the majority of leadership positions in the government.
a. True
b. False
58. Ordeals are a form of informal social control, but oaths are considered formal.
a. True
b. False
59. It has been estimated that the Internet will be at least as powerful an influence on politics in the 21st century as the
television was in the 20th century.
a. True
b. False
60. Anthropologists can provide expert testimony in court cases.
a. True
b. False
Chapter13—PoliticalOrganizationandSocialControl
61. A state society is a type of headless society.
a. True
b. False
62. All social norms, whether small or large, are sanctioned.
a. True
b. False
63. Small-scale societies are less politically integrated than large-scale ones.
a. True
b. False
64. Societies with a belief in witchcraft accept the idea that misfortunes are the result of natural causes.
a. True
b. False
Chapter13—PoliticalOrganizationandSocialControl
65. Individuals enter the age-set system at the highest rank and are then initiated.
a. True
b. False
66. The institution of the Leopard-Skin Chief is a formal means of social control.
a. True
b. False
67. Kpelle moots are held in the homes of the complainant and all parties sit very close together in a random mixed
fashion.
a. True
b. False
68. In Papua New Guinea, the modern legal system is based on a thorough study of the complex mosaic of customary
legal systems.
a. True
b. False
Chapter13—PoliticalOrganizationandSocialControl
69. The Yanomamo are likely to go to war when they need metal tools.
a. True
b. False
70. Religion does not play a central role in warfare, even though it is often invoked.
a. True
b. False
71. On what three dimensions do societies differ in their political organization?
72. What are the four types of political structure?
73. What is a major difference between tribes and bands?
Chapter13—PoliticalOrganizationandSocialControl
74. What is a nation-state?
75. Define pan-tribal mechanisms.
76. List five informal mechanisms of social control found in small-scale societies.
77. What is a moot?
78. What is the primary difference between rebellion and revolution?
Chapter13—PoliticalOrganizationandSocialControl
79. What are the four general factors that contribute to warfare in small-scale societies?
80. Name four reasons that foraging societies rarely go to war.
81. Forms of political organization and social control are universal among human societies, yet they differ in type. Why
do you believe that all societies need structures for decision-making and control in order to function as productive
social units? What are the benefits that the individual gains in submitting to the will of the group?
82. How does distribution of products in chiefdoms and states differ from that of bands and tribes? Do economic factors
appear to have significant influence on political organization?
83. What are the different causes of war? Discuss each and provide an example.
84. What are the various ways that cultural anthropologists can contribute to legal cases in the United States?
Chapter13—PoliticalOrganizationandSocialControl
85. Compare and contrast formal and informal means of social control. Which have the greatest effect on the
socialization process of the individual? Give examples and explain why.
86. Lineage structures are very important in small-scale societies. Discuss and give examples of the various roles that
dead ancestors occupy within the corporate lineage group. Do you believe this would be a very effective means of
social control?
87. The song duel is a very specific formal mechanism of social control among the Inuit. What is this and how is it both
like and unlike a court case in a state society?
88. Discuss recent changes in state systems of government.
89. Define law and discuss how the development of law changes the nature of human societies. You should discuss both
positive and negative consequences of law.
Chapter13—PoliticalOrganizationandSocialControl
90. What is the relationship between religion and warfare?
Chapter13—PoliticalOrganizationandSocialControl