d.
enlargement of the thyroid gland.
e.
hyperparathyroidism
65. Which of the following is a characteristic of the mineral molybdenum?
a.
The activity of insulin is enhanced.
b.
Deficiency symptoms in people are unknown.
c.
Unusually poor food sources are legumes and cereal grains.
d.
Toxicity symptoms in human beings include damage to red blood cells.
e.
Excess intake can result in reproductive abnormalities.
66. Which of the following trace minerals is known to be involved in bone development?
a.
Tin
b.
Cobalt
c.
Silicon
d.
Barium
e.
Boron
67. What term designates foods that contain nonnutrient substances that may provide health benefits
beyond basic nutrition?
a.
Health foods
b.
Organic foods
c.
Functional foods
d.
Disease preventative foods
e.
Supplemental nutrition
68. Lycopene is classified as a(n)
a.
lignan.
b.
carotenoid.
c.
phytoestrogen.
d.
enzyme cofactor.
e.
teratogen.
69. Flaxseed is a rich source of
a.
lutein.
b.
lignans.
c.
sulforaphane.
d.
organosulfur compounds.
e.
phytoestrogens.
70. The active components in black tea and green tea associated with favorable effects on the
cardiovascular system are
a.
quercetins.
b.
flavonoids.
c.
resverotrols.
d.
sulforaphones.
e.
luteins.
COMPLETION
1. The iron-storage protein ____________________ captures iron from food and stores it in the cells of
the small intestine.
2. When the body needs iron, it is released to an iron transport protein called ____________________.
3. ____________________ is found only in foods derived from the flesh of animals.
4. When iron concentrations become abnormally high, the liver produces a storage protein called
____________________ .
5. ____________________ helps to maintain blood iron within the normal range by limiting absorption
from the small intestine and controlling release from the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.
6. The iron overload disorder known as ____________________ is caused by a genetic failure to prevent
unneeded iron in the diet from being absorbed.
7. Enzymes that contain one or more minerals as part of their structures are known as
____________________.
8. The heart disease that is prevalent in regions of China where the soil and foods lack selenium is called
____________________.
9. In ____________________, copper accumulates in the liver and brain, creating a life-threatening
toxicity.
10. Miners who inhale large quantities of ____________________ dust on the job over prolonged periods
show symptoms of a brain disease, along with abnormalities in appearance and behavior.
MATCHING
a.
Tea
k.
Chromium
b.
Iron
l.
Fluorosis
c.
Pica
m.
Myoglobin
d.
Zinc
n.
MFP Factor
e.
Heme
o.
Hemoglobin
f.
Goiter
p.
Tannic acid
g.
Cobalt
q.
Fluorapatite
h.
Ferritin
r.
Fortified salt
i.
Keshan
s.
Metallothionein
j.
Nonheme
t.
Hemochromatosis
1. Iron storage protein
2. Form of iron found only in animal flesh
3. Form of iron found in both plant and animal foods
4. Oxygen-carrying protein in muscle
5. Iron-containing protein in erythrocytes
6. Enhances absorption of nonheme iron
7. Substance in coffee and tea that reduces iron absorption
8. Toxicity from this mineral is twice as prevalent as deficiency in men
9. Condition characterized by large deposits of iron storage protein in body tissues
10. Craving for non-food substances
11. A deficiency of this element retards growth and arrests sexual maturation
12. Zinc binding protein of the intestine
13. Iodine deficiency disease
14. Major dietary source of iodine
15. Disease associated with severe selenium deficiency
16. Stabilized form of tooth crystal
17. Deficiency leads to hyperglycemia
18. Condition associated with discoloration of tooth enamel
19. Significant dietary source of fluoride
20. Mineral that forms integral part of vitamin B12
1. Choose any three trace elements and discuss their major functions, deficiency symptoms, toxicity
symptoms, and food sources.
2. Explain the difference between heme and nonheme iron. How can the efficiency of absorption be
increased for both types of iron?
3. Discuss factors that influence the bioavailability of dietary iron.
4. What are the concerns of iron nutrition in vegetarians?
5. What is the prevalence of zinc deficiency? What are the signs and symptoms of zinc deficiency?
6. What are the benefits of zinc supplementation in developing countries?
ANS:
7. What are the effects of iodine deficiency and iodine excess? What population groups show iodine
abnormalities?
8. Discuss the essential nature of selenium. Where and why are deficiencies observed in the world?
9. Discuss the role of copper in the disorders Menkes disease and Wilson’s disease.
10. Discuss the essential nature of fluoride. What level in the diet is considered optimal? What are the
effects of excess fluoride intake and how does toxicity usually occur?
11. Discuss the essential nature of chromium, and list good food sources of chromium. Why are chromium
supplements promoted by the supplements industry?
12. Discuss the essential nature of molybdenum, including food sources.
13. Discuss the effects of lead exposure on health and human performance.
14. What is the meaning and significance of functional foods? Give several examples of potential
functional foods and their proposed uses.
15. Discuss the health benefits and food sources of flavonoids.