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1.Theparadigmknownasunilinealculturalevolution:
a.arguesthathumansocietieshaveevolvedalongasingledevelopmentaltrajectory,withwesterncivilizationas
themostadvancedevolutionarystage.
b.arguesthatculturescanonlybeunderstoodintheirownterms,andcannotbeusefullycomparedtoother
cultures.
c.arguesagainstethnocentrism,stressingtheequalityofallcultures,withnonesuperiortoanyother.
d.hasprovenextremelyusefulforunderstandingculturalchange;mostanthropologistsoperatewithinthis
paradigmtoday.
2.ThepositionheldbyFranzBoas,whichmaintainedthateachcultureistheproductofitsownuniquesequenceof
developmentsandinwhichchanceplaysamajorroleinbringingaboutchangeiscalled:
a.unilinealevolution.
b.culturalrelativism.
c.SocialDarwinism.
d.historicalparticularism.
3.Whiletodaythecomparativemethodreferstothetestingofhypothesesagainstarangeofhumansocieties,inthe
19thcenturythecomparativemethod:
a.testedhypothesesonlywithinthesametypesofsocieties;inotherwords,onlyegalitarianhunter-gatherersof
arcticenvironments,oronlystratifieddesertagriculturalistswouldbeexamined.
b.wasapoliticaltoolusedtoargueagainsttheracistideathatsomelivingpeopleshadmadeitfurtherupthe
evolutionaryladderofprogressthanothers.
c.translatedculturaldiversityintoanevolutionarysequenceinwhichdifferentlivingpeoplesrepresented
differentstagesinhumanity’smarchtowardsprogress.
d.referredtothesamething;therehasbeenlittlechangeinhowthecomparativemethodisusedsincethe19th
century.
4.Unilinealculturalevolutionandthecomparativemethodwererootedin:
a.renaissancephilosophy.
b.enlightenmentphilosophy.
c.SocialDarwinism.
d.processualism.
5.Oneeffectofthe19thcenturycomparativemethodwas:
a.indigenouspeopleswereviewedfromtheirownhistoricalperspective,ratherthanagrandsequenceof
humanevolution.
b.thedominationof“primitive”peoplesbyEuropeanswaslegitimizedbecauseitwasseenasthenaturalorder
ofthings.
c.scientificproofthathumanitywasimprovingbiologically,culturally,intellectually,andspiritually.
d.Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
6.Theprocessthroughwhichsomeindividualssurviveandreproduceathigherratesthanothersbecauseoftheir
geneticheritageisknownas:
a.naturalselection.
b.SocialDarwinism.
c.unilinealculturalevolution.
d.biologicalevolution.
7.Inthe19thcentury’smostinfluentialarchaeologytextbook,Pre-historicTimes,asIllustratedbyAncient
Remains,andtheMannersandCustomsofModernSavages(1865),JohnLubbockarguedthat:
a.becausetheworld’sfoodsupplyisinherentlyinadequate,infantsinprimitivesocietiesmuststruggleto
survive;thosewhodosurvivepossessfavorablecharacteristics,andthuspassthesecharacteristicsonto
futuregenerations.
b.conflictbetweensocietiesandbetweenclasseswithinthesamesocietybenefitshumanityinthelongrun
becauseitremovesunfitindividualsandsocialforms.
c.contemporary“primitives”werelivingapproximationsofwhatEuropeansusedtobe(inotherwords,these
primitiveshadnotevolvedtothesamedegreethatEuropeanshad).
d.humanculturalevolutioncouldbedividedintothreephases:savagery,barbarism,andcivilization.
8.NineteenthcenturysocialDarwinismprovidedjustificationfor:
a.helpingprimitivepeoplesescapeafateofextinction.
b.boasianideasofhistoricalparticularismandculturalrelativism.
c.arejectionofethnocentrism.
d.unfetteredeconomiccompetitionandwarfare.
9.Intheearly20thcentury,FranzBoasandhisstudents:
a.rejectedunilinealevolutionasavalidmeansofstudyinghumanculturaldiversity.
b.arguedthatallhumanculturesareuniqueandshouldbevaluedassuch.
c.arguedfortheaccumulationofethnographicdetailandhistoricalfactspriortotheconstructionofany
generalitiesabouthumanculturalevolution.
d.Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
10.Ifyouliveinanegalitarianforagingsocietywithalowpopulationdensitythatoccupiestemporarycamps,where
everyonehasequalaccesstoresourcesthroughsharingandreciprocity,wheretherearenopermanentpositionsof
authority,andwheremembershipisflexible,youliveina:
a.tribe.
b.band.
c.state.
d.chiefdom.
11.Ifyouliveinacitywithahighpopulationdensity,withdifferenttypesofspecializedsubsistencestrategiesandnon-
foodproducingspecialists,whereelitescontrolaccesstostrategicresourcesandwheresocialorganizationisbased
onclassmembership(eliteorcommoner),youliveina:
a.tribe.
b.band.
c.state.
d.chiefdom.
12.Thedifferencebetweenmodernculturalevolutionaryparadigmsand19thcenturyunilinealevolutionismis:
a.modernevolutionismhighlightstheroleofecological,demographic,and/ortechnologicalfactorsin
conditioningculturalevolution.
b.modernevolutionismdoesnotcontaintheracistovertonesinherentin19thcenturyunilinealevolutionary
schemes.
c.modernevolutionistsagreethatculturalbehaviorisnotcontrolledbybiology,andthatthehumanpastis
muchmorecomplexthan19thcenturyevolutionistsimaginedit.
d.Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
13.Inanthropologicalterms,acivilizationrefersto:
a.acomplexurbansocietywithahighlevelofculturalachievementintheartandsciences,craftspecialization,
asurplusoffoodand/orlabor,andahierarchicallystratifiedsocialorganization.
b.awiderangeofsocialformationsthatliebetweenegalitarianforagersandrankedsocietiesthatarenormally
horticulturalandsedentarywithahigherlevelofcompetitionthanseenamongnomadichunter-gatherers.
c.anysocietythathasthepowertocoerce,thatincludesmilitaryandfiscalspecialists,andthatiscontrolledby
elites.
d.anystratifiedsocietythatpracticesfull-timeagriculture.
14.Egalitariansocietiesareassociatedwith_____________,whilechiefdomsandstatesareassociated
with_____________.
a.foragingandhorticulture/intensiveagriculture
b.foraging/horticulture
c.pastoralism/intensiveagriculture
d.horticulture/pastoralism
15.Plantandanimaldomesticationoccurredindependentlyinseveralcentersacrosstheglobe.Whichofthefollowing
isnotamajorindependenthearthofplantdomestication?
a.TheAmericas(North,Central,andSouthAmerica)
b.Australia
c.CentralAfrica
d.SoutheasternAsia
16.ThetheorymadepopularbyV.GordonChildeinthe1940s,explainingtheoriginofanimaldomesticationasa
responsebyanimalsandpeopletoaridconditionsfollowingtheendofthePleistocene,whichcausedthemto
congregatearoundwatersourcesisthe:
a.hillyflankstheory.
b.density-equilibriumtheory.
c.oasistheory.
d.optimalforagingtheory.
17.ThetheoryproposedbyRobertBraidwood,arguingthatagriculturearoseinareaswherethewildancestorsof
domesticatedwheatandbarleygrew,andresultedfromhumaneffortstoincreasetheproductivityandstabilityof
theirfoodbase,isthe:
a.hillyflankstheory.
b.density-equilibriumtheory.
c.oasistheory.
d.optimalforagingtheory.
18.The“density-equilibriumtheory,”whichexplainstheoriginsofagricultureasaproductofpopulationgrowththat
eventuallycausesthehumanpopulationtoexceedthehuntingandgatheringcarryingcapacityofanenvironment,
wasproposedby:
a.Childe.
b.Binford.
c.Carneiro.
d.Braidwood.
19.A(n)____________perspectivedemonstratesthatthefirstplantstobedomesticatedandeventuallyturnedinto
today’sagriculturalstaplesbeganaswildplantswithlowreturnrates,plantsthatwereusedwhenother,better
resourcesweredepleted.
a.optimalforaging
b.historicalparticularist
c.post-processual
d.unilinealevolutionary
20.Theperiodduringwhichpeoplebeganusinggroundstonetools,manufacturingceramics,andrelyingon
domesticatedplantsandanimalsisknownintheNearEastasthe:
a.Natufian.
b.UpperPaleolithic.
c.Neolithic.
d.YoungerDryas.
21.Whichofthefollowingislikelytohaveplayedapartintheoriginsofagriculture?
a.Climaticchange;foragerscouldnotbecomeagriculturalistsuntiltheenvironmentwascapableofsupporting
agriculture.
b.Populationpressure;peoplewererequiredtoexpandtheirdietsandrelymoreheavilyonplants.
c.Humanintentionality;changesinwildcerealssuggestthathumansintendedtoincreaseharvestproductivity
andefficiency.
d.Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
22.Allofthefollowingcharacterizetheriseofarchaicstates,except:
a.monumentalarchitecture.
b.warfare.
c.huntingandgathering.
d.marketeconomies.
23.The“irrigationhypothesis”arguesthatlarge-scaleirrigationwasdirectlyresponsiblefortheoriginofarchaicstates.
Thishypothesiswassuggestedby:
a.KarlWittfogel,whoarguedthatirrigationinherentlycallsforregulationofwateruseandanextraordinary
levelofcoordinationabovetheindividualfarmer.
b.RobertCarneiro,whoarguedthatirrigationwouldleadtofightsoverlandrights.
c.KarlWittfogel,whoarguedthatirrigationwouldleadtofightsoverlandrights.
d.RobertCarneiro,whoarguedthatirrigationinherentlycallsforregulationofwateruseandanextraordinary
levelofcoordinationabovetheindividualfarmer.
24.The_____________hypothesis,proposedbyRobertCarneiro,attributestheoriginofthestatetoacombination
ofpopulationgrowthandlimitedagriculturalresourceswhichleadstoincreasedwarfare,whichinturnfosters
centralizedpoliticalorganization.
a.irrigationhypothesis
b.warfareandcircumscriptionhypothesis
c.hillyflankshypothesis
d.density-equilibriumhypothesis
25.TheClassicperiod(AD250-700),whenthelowlandMayatookonthecharacteristicsofthearchaicstate,was
characterizedbycontinuouspopulationgrowth.Surveydataindicatethatasmanyas___________peoplelived
inthelowlandMayaareaatthistime.
a.10thousand
b.500thousand
c.1million
d.10million
26.WhichofthefollowingistrueofMayakings?
a.Theyclaimedtobedescendedfromthegods,andconductedritualstoappeasethegodsandpreventthe
universefromcollapsing.
b.Theyreceivedannualtributefromconqueredpopulations,andallowedlessernoblestoearnprivilegesand
acquirecontroloverconqueredresourcesbyhelpingtheking.
c.Theycompetedwithoneanothertodeterminewhowasthegreatestamongthem,usingwartosubdue
unrulyneighborsaswellastodemonstratetheirabilitytopreventchaosintheworld.
d.Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
27.Mayahieroglyphicswereusedtorecord:
a.economicinformationrelatingtotradenetworks.
b.significanteventsinMayahistory.
c.informationabouthumansacrifice.
d.informationaboutfarmingtechniques.
28.TheMayadevelopedthreecalendricalaccountsoftimeusingcomplexastronomicalobservationsand
mathematics.Whichtwocalendartypesoverlapsothatarenewalpointisreachedevery52years?
a.TheLongCountandtheVagueYear
b.TheVagueYearandtheSacredAlmanac
c.TheSacredAlmanacandtheLongCount
d.None;theMayansonlyusedasinglecalendar
29.WhatcanlikelyexplaintheformationoftheMayastate?
a.Stressonfoodresourcescreatedbyhighpopulationdensity
b.Theneedforanoverarchingsystemofintegration
c.Opportunitiesforeconomiccontrol
d.Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
30.ExplanationsforthecollapseofcultureonRapaNuiinclude:
a.Surroundingwaterslackedreefsthatsupportfishforfood.
b.Theycutdowntreestobuildhomesandcanoes.
c.Ratsfeastedonpinenutsandbirds’eggs.
d.Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
31.Thedifferencebetweensufficientandnecessaryconditionsinanexplanationisthatsufficientconditionsare
a.thosethatmustexistforachangetohappen.
b.thosethatarethemaximumonesneededforachangetooccur.
c.thosethataretheminimumonesneededforachangetooccur.
d.easiertoascertainthanarenecessaryconditions.
32.Archaeologyconstructsspecifichistoricalsequencesinorderto
a.establishtheoriesaboutnecessaryconditions.
b.establishtheoriesaboutmajorculturalevolutionarytransitions.
c.compareandthenlookforpatternstodeterminewhatconditionsarenecessaryandsufficienttoexplain
majorculturalevolutionarytransitions.
d.argueabouttheriseofagricultureintheNewvs.OldWorld.
33.Whenanalyzingtheoriginsofagriculture
a.thereisasingleprimemovertoaccountforthedevelopment
b.thereisnosingleprimemovertoaccountforthedevelopment
c.variousparadigmseachcontributesomethingtoafinalexplanation.
d.thereisnosingleprimemovertoaccountforthedevelopmentandvariousparadigmseachcontribute
somethingtoafinalexplanation.
34.Abasicknowledgeofplantreproductionis________________foranagriculturalist.
a.sufficient
b.necessary
c.critical
d.nonessential
35.Anthropology___________________theparadigmofunilinealculturalevolution.
a.stillembraces
b.recentlydiscarded
c.doesnotrecognizeasimportanttothehistoryofanthropologicalthought
d.longagodiscarded
36.Ethnocentrismmeans
a.thestudyofethnicideology.
b.theattitudeorbeliefthatoneethnicityissharedbyall.
c.theattitudeorbeliefthatone’sownculturalwaysaresuperiortoanother.
d.aforcethatethnicity’sapplytoincreasesocialcomplexity.
37.Egalitariansocietiesareassociatedwith_________and____________.
a.intensivefarming/domesticationofanimals
b.huntingandgathering/agriculture
c.huntingandgathering/horticulture
d.horticulture/agriculture
38.“Archaic”inrelationtostatesisusedtodistinguish
a.ancientsocialformsfrommodernindustrialstates.
b.ancientformsofsocietywithelectedofficialsandprimeministers.
c.outdatedformsofsociety.
d.stateswithsmall,decliningpopulationnumbers.
39.Oncearchaeologicaldatabegantoaccumulate,archaeologistsshiftedtheirattentionfrom_________________of
plantandanimaldomesticationto____________.
a.species/varieties
b.dates/places
c.whatandwhen/why
d.biology/culture
40.Ethnographicresearchhasturnedupevidenceofhuntersandgathererswhoknowabout_______________but
whocontinueto_____________________.
a.socialcomplexity/remainarchaic
b.fishing/farm
c.agriculture/huntandgather
d.hunting/fish
41.Abasicknowledgeofplantreproductionisnecessaryforanagriculturalist,butsuchknowledgeisnotsufficientto
inspireallforagerstotransformthemselvesintoagriculturalists.
a.True
b.False
42.JohnLubbock’sinfluentialarchaeologytextbookPrehistoricTimes(1865)ledtothebeliefthatcontemporary
“primitives”werelivingrelicsofprehistory;thereforequestionsaboutthepastcouldbeansweredsimplyby
observingalivingculturethatapproximatedthearchaeologicalcultureinquestion.
a.True
b.False
43.Thecomparativemethodof19thcenturysocialsciencetookdiversityintheworld'sculturesandputtheminan
evolutionarysequence.Thosewith"simple"technologywereatthebottomofthescale,andthosewiththemost
complextechnologywereatthetop.
a.True
b.False
44.AlthoughunilinealculturalevolutioncollapsedundertheassaultbyBoasandhisstudentsandisstillrejectedby
anthropologytoday,archaeologicaldatadoshowstrongregularitiesinhumanculturalevolution.
a.True
b.False
45.Priortoabout12,000yearsago,allhumanslivedinchiefdoms.
a.True
b.False
46.Toanarchaeologist,“civilization”refersonlytothosecultureswithwritingsystems,publicperformanceintheform
ofplays,andfull-timemusicians.
a.True
b.False
47.Agriculturedevelopedonlyonceroughly10,000yearsagointheNearEast,andfromtherespreadrapidly
throughoutmuchoftheworld.
a.True
b.False
48.Thedensityequilibriummodelarguesthatpeoplewilladoptdomesticatedplantsandagriculturewhenevertheyare
exposedtothembecauseofthesuperiorproductivityofagriculture.
a.True
b.False
49.Optimalforagingtheoryoperatesontheprinciplethathumanswillselectfoodsthatofferhighreturnrates,orthe
mostcaloriesfortheamountoftimeinvestedinprocurementandprocessing.
a.True
b.False
50.EvidencesupportingtheideaofUnilinealEvolutionincludestheadoptionofagriculture;ethnographicdatashow
thatoncehunter-gatherersbecomeawareofagriculturaltechniques,theyadoptthemquickly.
a.True
b.False
51.ArchaicstateformationdidnotoccuranywhereuntilroughlyAD500;archaicstatesthenspreadrapidlyfromtheir
birthplaceintheNearEastthroughoutmuchoftheworld.
a.True
b.False
52.Ideologyisasetofcultural,religious,orcosmologicalbeliefsthatrationalizesexploitativerelationsbetweenclasses
orsocialgroups,maskingthefactthatonegroupisexploitinganother.
a.True
b.False
53.Describethe19thcenturyideaofunilinealculturalevolution.Howdoesmodernculturalevolutionismdifferfrom
unilinealevolutionarythought?
54.Unilinealculturalevolutioncollapsedintheearly20thcenturyundertheassaultbyFranzBoasandhisstudents.
Whydidtheyargueagainstaunilinealparadigm?Whatdidtheysuggestshouldreplaceit?
55.WhatissocialDarwinism?HowwassocialDarwinismusedtoexplainwhysomepeoplehadmadelessmade
evolutionaryprogressthanothers?HowdidsocialDarwinismjustifyglobalimperialism,racism,andultimatelythe
expectationthatprimitivepeopleswouldallbecomeextinct?
56.Whoproposedtheoasistheorytoexplaintheoriginsofplantdomestication?Whatdoesthetheorysay?What
aretheargumentsagainstthisexplanation?Whoproposedthehillyflankstheory?Whatdoesitsay?Whatarethe
argumentsagainstit?
57.Howdomaterialistexplanationsfortheoriginofagriculturedifferfromunilinealexplanationssuchastheoasisand
hillyflankstheories?Howdoesthedensity-equilibriummodelexplaintheoriginsofagriculture,andwhoproposed
it?
58.Whatisoptimalforagingtheory?Howdoesoptimalforagingtheoryexplaintheoriginsofagriculture?Howdoes
theselectionistperspectiveofcoevolutionexplaintheoriginsofagriculture?
59.Whichexplanationsfortheoriginsofagriculturearesupportedbyarchaeologicalevidence?
60.Shouldsacredsitesonpubliclandbesoldortransferredtotheorganizationorgroupthatconsidersthemsacred?
Whyorwhynot?
61.Howdotheirrigationhypothesisandthewarfareandcircumscriptionhypothesisexplaintheoriginsofthearchaic
state?Whoproposedthesehypotheses?Whataretheargumentsagainsteach?
62.Whyisitmorereasonabletoexplaintheoriginsofthearchaicstatewithamulticausaltheory,ratherthanwitha
single“primemover”?Whatarethethreegeneralconditionsthatappearbothnecessaryandsufficientforarchaic
statestoform?
63.Whatisideology?Whatrolecanideologyplayinstateformation?Provideanexamplefromthetext.
64.Isitpossibletoreconcilematerialistexplanationsoftheoriginsofagricultureandtheriseofthearchaicstatewith
moreideologicalorpost-processualexplanations?Whyorwhynot?Provideexamplesfromthetext.
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