1.Theparadigmknownasunilinealculturalevolution:​
a.​arguesthathumansocietieshaveevolvedalongasingledevelopmentaltrajectory,withwesterncivilizationas
themostadvancedevolutionarystage.
b.​arguesthatculturescanonlybeunderstoodintheirownterms,andcannotbeusefullycomparedtoother
cultures.
c.​arguesagainstethnocentrism,stressingtheequalityofallcultures,withnonesuperiortoanyother.
d.​hasprovenextremelyusefulforunderstandingculturalchange;mostanthropologistsoperatewithinthis
paradigmtoday.
2.ThepositionheldbyFranzBoas,whichmaintainedthateachcultureistheproductofitsownuniquesequenceof
developmentsandinwhichchanceplaysamajorroleinbringingaboutchangeiscalled:​
a.​unilinealevolution.
b.​culturalrelativism.
c.​SocialDarwinism.
d.​historicalparticularism.
3.Whiletodaythecomparativemethodreferstothetestingofhypothesesagainstarangeofhumansocieties,inthe
19thcenturythecomparativemethod:​
a.​testedhypothesesonlywithinthesametypesofsocieties;inotherwords,onlyegalitarianhunter-gatherersof
arcticenvironments,oronlystratifieddesertagriculturalistswouldbeexamined.
b.​wasapoliticaltoolusedtoargueagainsttheracistideathatsomelivingpeopleshadmadeitfurtherupthe
evolutionaryladderofprogressthanothers.
c.​translatedculturaldiversityintoanevolutionarysequenceinwhichdifferentlivingpeoplesrepresented
differentstagesinhumanity’smarchtowardsprogress.
d.​referredtothesamething;therehasbeenlittlechangeinhowthecomparativemethodisusedsincethe19th
century.
4.Unilinealculturalevolutionandthecomparativemethodwererootedin:​
a.​renaissancephilosophy.
b.​enlightenmentphilosophy.
c.​SocialDarwinism.
d.​processualism.
5.Oneeffectofthe19thcenturycomparativemethodwas:​
a.​indigenouspeopleswereviewedfromtheirownhistoricalperspective,ratherthanagrandsequenceof
humanevolution.
b.​thedominationof“primitive”peoplesbyEuropeanswaslegitimizedbecauseitwasseenasthenaturalorder
ofthings.
c.​scientificproofthathumanitywasimprovingbiologically,culturally,intellectually,andspiritually.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
6.Theprocessthroughwhichsomeindividualssurviveandreproduceathigherratesthanothersbecauseoftheir
geneticheritageisknownas:​
a.​naturalselection.
b.​SocialDarwinism.
c.​unilinealculturalevolution.
d.​biologicalevolution.
7.Inthe19thcentury’smostinfluentialarchaeologytextbook,Pre-historicTimes,asIllustratedbyAncient
Remains,andtheMannersandCustomsofModernSavages(1865),JohnLubbockarguedthat:​
a.​becausetheworld’sfoodsupplyisinherentlyinadequate,infantsinprimitivesocietiesmuststruggleto
survive;thosewhodosurvivepossessfavorablecharacteristics,andthuspassthesecharacteristicsonto
futuregenerations.
b.​conflictbetweensocietiesandbetweenclasseswithinthesamesocietybenefitshumanityinthelongrun
becauseitremovesunfitindividualsandsocialforms.
c.​contemporary“primitives”werelivingapproximationsofwhatEuropeansusedtobe(inotherwords,these
primitiveshadnotevolvedtothesamedegreethatEuropeanshad).
d.​humanculturalevolutioncouldbedividedintothreephases:savagery,barbarism,andcivilization.
8.NineteenthcenturysocialDarwinismprovidedjustificationfor:​
a.​helpingprimitivepeoplesescapeafateofextinction.
b.​boasianideasofhistoricalparticularismandculturalrelativism.
c.​arejectionofethnocentrism.
d.​unfetteredeconomiccompetitionandwarfare.
9.Intheearly20thcentury,FranzBoasandhisstudents:​
a.​rejectedunilinealevolutionasavalidmeansofstudyinghumanculturaldiversity.
b.​arguedthatallhumanculturesareuniqueandshouldbevaluedassuch.
c.​arguedfortheaccumulationofethnographicdetailandhistoricalfactspriortotheconstructionofany
generalitiesabouthumanculturalevolution.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
10.Ifyouliveinanegalitarianforagingsocietywithalowpopulationdensitythatoccupiestemporarycamps,where
everyonehasequalaccesstoresourcesthroughsharingandreciprocity,wheretherearenopermanentpositionsof
authority,andwheremembershipisflexible,youliveina:​
a.​tribe.
b.​band.
c.​state.
d.​chiefdom.
11.Ifyouliveinacitywithahighpopulationdensity,withdifferenttypesofspecializedsubsistencestrategiesandnon-
foodproducingspecialists,whereelitescontrolaccesstostrategicresourcesandwheresocialorganizationisbased
onclassmembership(eliteorcommoner),youliveina:​
a.​tribe.
b.​band.
c.​state.
d.​chiefdom.
12.Thedifferencebetweenmodernculturalevolutionaryparadigmsand19thcenturyunilinealevolutionismis:​
a.​modernevolutionismhighlightstheroleofecological,demographic,and/ortechnologicalfactorsin
conditioningculturalevolution.
b.​modernevolutionismdoesnotcontaintheracistovertonesinherentin19thcenturyunilinealevolutionary
schemes.
c.​modernevolutionistsagreethatculturalbehaviorisnotcontrolledbybiology,andthatthehumanpastis
muchmorecomplexthan19thcenturyevolutionistsimaginedit.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
13.Inanthropologicalterms,acivilizationrefersto:​
a.​acomplexurbansocietywithahighlevelofculturalachievementintheartandsciences,craftspecialization,
asurplusoffoodand/orlabor,andahierarchicallystratifiedsocialorganization.
b.​awiderangeofsocialformationsthatliebetweenegalitarianforagersandrankedsocietiesthatarenormally
horticulturalandsedentarywithahigherlevelofcompetitionthanseenamongnomadichunter-gatherers.
c.​anysocietythathasthepowertocoerce,thatincludesmilitaryandfiscalspecialists,andthatiscontrolledby
elites.
d.​anystratifiedsocietythatpracticesfull-timeagriculture.
14.Egalitariansocietiesareassociatedwith_____________,whilechiefdomsandstatesareassociated
with_____________.​
a.​foragingandhorticulture/intensiveagriculture
b.​foraging/horticulture
c.​pastoralism/intensiveagriculture
d.​horticulture/pastoralism
15.Plantandanimaldomesticationoccurredindependentlyinseveralcentersacrosstheglobe.Whichofthefollowing
isnotamajorindependenthearthofplantdomestication?​
a.​TheAmericas(North,Central,andSouthAmerica)
b.​Australia
c.​CentralAfrica
d.​SoutheasternAsia
16.ThetheorymadepopularbyV.GordonChildeinthe1940s,explainingtheoriginofanimaldomesticationasa
responsebyanimalsandpeopletoaridconditionsfollowingtheendofthePleistocene,whichcausedthemto
congregatearoundwatersourcesisthe:​
a.​hillyflankstheory.
b.​density-equilibriumtheory.
c.​oasistheory.
d.​optimalforagingtheory.
17.ThetheoryproposedbyRobertBraidwood,arguingthatagriculturearoseinareaswherethewildancestorsof
domesticatedwheatandbarleygrew,andresultedfromhumaneffortstoincreasetheproductivityandstabilityof
theirfoodbase,isthe:​
a.​hillyflankstheory.
b.​density-equilibriumtheory.
c.​oasistheory.
d.​optimalforagingtheory.
18.The“density-equilibriumtheory,”whichexplainstheoriginsofagricultureasaproductofpopulationgrowththat
eventuallycausesthehumanpopulationtoexceedthehuntingandgatheringcarryingcapacityofanenvironment,
wasproposedby:​
a.​Childe.
b.​Binford.
c.​Carneiro.
d.​Braidwood.
19.A(n)____________perspectivedemonstratesthatthefirstplantstobedomesticatedandeventuallyturnedinto
today’sagriculturalstaplesbeganaswildplantswithlowreturnrates,plantsthatwereusedwhenother,better
resourcesweredepleted.​
a.​optimalforaging
b.​historicalparticularist
c.​post-processual
d.​unilinealevolutionary
20.Theperiodduringwhichpeoplebeganusinggroundstonetools,manufacturingceramics,andrelyingon
domesticatedplantsandanimalsisknownintheNearEastasthe:​
a.​Natufian.
b.​UpperPaleolithic.
c.​Neolithic.
d.​YoungerDryas.
21.Whichofthefollowingislikelytohaveplayedapartintheoriginsofagriculture?​
a.​Climaticchange;foragerscouldnotbecomeagriculturalistsuntiltheenvironmentwascapableofsupporting
agriculture.
b.​Populationpressure;peoplewererequiredtoexpandtheirdietsandrelymoreheavilyonplants.
c.​Humanintentionality;changesinwildcerealssuggestthathumansintendedtoincreaseharvestproductivity
andefficiency.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
22.Allofthefollowingcharacterizetheriseofarchaicstates,except:​
a.​monumentalarchitecture.
b.​warfare.
c.​huntingandgathering.
d.​marketeconomies.
23.The“irrigationhypothesis”arguesthatlarge-scaleirrigationwasdirectlyresponsiblefortheoriginofarchaicstates.
Thishypothesiswassuggestedby:​
a.​KarlWittfogel,whoarguedthatirrigationinherentlycallsforregulationofwateruseandanextraordinary
levelofcoordinationabovetheindividualfarmer.
b.​RobertCarneiro,whoarguedthatirrigationwouldleadtofightsoverlandrights.
c.​KarlWittfogel,whoarguedthatirrigationwouldleadtofightsoverlandrights.
d.​RobertCarneiro,whoarguedthatirrigationinherentlycallsforregulationofwateruseandanextraordinary
levelofcoordinationabovetheindividualfarmer.
24.The_____________hypothesis,proposedbyRobertCarneiro,attributestheoriginofthestatetoacombination
ofpopulationgrowthandlimitedagriculturalresourceswhichleadstoincreasedwarfare,whichinturnfosters
centralizedpoliticalorganization.​
a.​irrigationhypothesis
b.​warfareandcircumscriptionhypothesis
c.​hillyflankshypothesis
d.​density-equilibriumhypothesis
25.TheClassicperiod(AD250-700),whenthelowlandMayatookonthecharacteristicsofthearchaicstate,was
characterizedbycontinuouspopulationgrowth.Surveydataindicatethatasmanyas___________peoplelived
inthelowlandMayaareaatthistime.​
a.​10thousand
b.​500thousand
c.​1million
d.​10million
26.WhichofthefollowingistrueofMayakings?​
a.​Theyclaimedtobedescendedfromthegods,andconductedritualstoappeasethegodsandpreventthe
universefromcollapsing.
b.​Theyreceivedannualtributefromconqueredpopulations,andallowedlessernoblestoearnprivilegesand
acquirecontroloverconqueredresourcesbyhelpingtheking.
c.​Theycompetedwithoneanothertodeterminewhowasthegreatestamongthem,usingwartosubdue
unrulyneighborsaswellastodemonstratetheirabilitytopreventchaosintheworld.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
27.Mayahieroglyphicswereusedtorecord:​
a.​economicinformationrelatingtotradenetworks.
b.​significanteventsinMayahistory.
c.​informationabouthumansacrifice.
d.​informationaboutfarmingtechniques.
28.TheMayadevelopedthreecalendricalaccountsoftimeusingcomplexastronomicalobservationsand
mathematics.Whichtwocalendartypesoverlapsothatarenewalpointisreachedevery52years?​
a.​TheLongCountandtheVagueYear
b.​TheVagueYearandtheSacredAlmanac
c.​TheSacredAlmanacandtheLongCount
d.​None;theMayansonlyusedasinglecalendar
29.WhatcanlikelyexplaintheformationoftheMayastate?​
a.​Stressonfoodresourcescreatedbyhighpopulationdensity
b.​Theneedforanoverarchingsystemofintegration
c.​Opportunitiesforeconomiccontrol
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
30.ExplanationsforthecollapseofcultureonRapaNuiinclude:​
a.​Surroundingwaterslackedreefsthatsupportfishforfood.
b.​Theycutdowntreestobuildhomesandcanoes.
c.​Ratsfeastedonpinenutsandbirds’eggs.
d.​Alloftheanswersarecorrect.
31.Thedifferencebetweensufficientandnecessaryconditionsinanexplanationisthatsufficientconditionsare​
a.​thosethatmustexistforachangetohappen.
b.​thosethatarethemaximumonesneededforachangetooccur.
c.​thosethataretheminimumonesneededforachangetooccur.
d.​easiertoascertainthanarenecessaryconditions.
32.Archaeologyconstructsspecifichistoricalsequencesinorderto​
a.​establishtheoriesaboutnecessaryconditions.
b.​establishtheoriesaboutmajorculturalevolutionarytransitions.
c.​compareandthenlookforpatternstodeterminewhatconditionsarenecessaryandsufficienttoexplain
majorculturalevolutionarytransitions.
d.​argueabouttheriseofagricultureintheNewvs.OldWorld.
33.Whenanalyzingtheoriginsofagriculture​
a.​thereisasingleprimemovertoaccountforthedevelopment
b.​thereisnosingleprimemovertoaccountforthedevelopment
c.​variousparadigmseachcontributesomethingtoafinalexplanation.
d.​thereisnosingleprimemovertoaccountforthedevelopmentandvariousparadigmseachcontribute
somethingtoafinalexplanation.
34.Abasicknowledgeofplantreproductionis________________foranagriculturalist.​
a.​sufficient
b.​necessary
c.​critical
d.​nonessential
35.Anthropology___________________theparadigmofunilinealculturalevolution.​
a.​stillembraces
b.​recentlydiscarded
c.​doesnotrecognizeasimportanttothehistoryofanthropologicalthought
d.​longagodiscarded
36.Ethnocentrismmeans​
a.​thestudyofethnicideology.
b.​theattitudeorbeliefthatoneethnicityissharedbyall.
c.​theattitudeorbeliefthatone’sownculturalwaysaresuperiortoanother.
d.​aforcethatethnicity’sapplytoincreasesocialcomplexity.
37.Egalitariansocietiesareassociatedwith_________and____________.​
a.​intensivefarming/domesticationofanimals
b.​huntingandgathering/agriculture
c.​huntingandgathering/horticulture
d.​horticulture/agriculture
38.“Archaic”inrelationtostatesisusedtodistinguish​
a.​ancientsocialformsfrommodernindustrialstates.
b.​ancientformsofsocietywithelectedofficialsandprimeministers.
c.​outdatedformsofsociety.
d.​stateswithsmall,decliningpopulationnumbers.
39.Oncearchaeologicaldatabegantoaccumulate,archaeologistsshiftedtheirattentionfrom_________________of
plantandanimaldomesticationto____________.​
a.​species/varieties
b.​dates/places
c.​whatandwhen/why
d.​biology/culture
40.Ethnographicresearchhasturnedupevidenceofhuntersandgathererswhoknowabout_______________but
whocontinueto_____________________.​
a.​socialcomplexity/remainarchaic
b.​fishing/farm
c.​agriculture/huntandgather
d.​hunting/fish
41.Abasicknowledgeofplantreproductionisnecessaryforanagriculturalist,butsuchknowledgeisnotsufficientto
inspireallforagerstotransformthemselvesintoagriculturalists.​
a.True
b.False
42.JohnLubbock’sinfluentialarchaeologytextbookPrehistoricTimes(1865)ledtothebeliefthatcontemporary
“primitives”werelivingrelicsofprehistory;thereforequestionsaboutthepastcouldbeansweredsimplyby
observingalivingculturethatapproximatedthearchaeologicalcultureinquestion.​
a.True
b.False
43.Thecomparativemethodof19thcenturysocialsciencetookdiversityintheworld’sculturesandputtheminan
evolutionarysequence.Thosewith”simple”technologywereatthebottomofthescale,andthosewiththemost
complextechnologywereatthetop.​
a.True
b.False
44.AlthoughunilinealculturalevolutioncollapsedundertheassaultbyBoasandhisstudentsandisstillrejectedby
anthropologytoday,archaeologicaldatadoshowstrongregularitiesinhumanculturalevolution.​
a.True
b.False
45.Priortoabout12,000yearsago,allhumanslivedinchiefdoms.​
a.True
b.False
46.Toanarchaeologist,“civilization”refersonlytothosecultureswithwritingsystems,publicperformanceintheform
ofplays,andfull-timemusicians.​
a.True
b.False
47.Agriculturedevelopedonlyonceroughly10,000yearsagointheNearEast,andfromtherespreadrapidly
throughoutmuchoftheworld.​
a.True
b.False
48.Thedensityequilibriummodelarguesthatpeoplewilladoptdomesticatedplantsandagriculturewhenevertheyare
exposedtothembecauseofthesuperiorproductivityofagriculture.​
a.True
b.False
49.Optimalforagingtheoryoperatesontheprinciplethathumanswillselectfoodsthatofferhighreturnrates,orthe
mostcaloriesfortheamountoftimeinvestedinprocurementandprocessing.​
a.True
b.False
50.EvidencesupportingtheideaofUnilinealEvolutionincludestheadoptionofagriculture;ethnographicdatashow
thatoncehunter-gatherersbecomeawareofagriculturaltechniques,theyadoptthemquickly.​
a.True
b.False
51.ArchaicstateformationdidnotoccuranywhereuntilroughlyAD500;archaicstatesthenspreadrapidlyfromtheir
birthplaceintheNearEastthroughoutmuchoftheworld.​
a.True
b.False
52.Ideologyisasetofcultural,religious,orcosmologicalbeliefsthatrationalizesexploitativerelationsbetweenclasses
orsocialgroups,maskingthefactthatonegroupisexploitinganother.​
a.True
b.False
53.Describethe19thcenturyideaofunilinealculturalevolution.Howdoesmodernculturalevolutionismdifferfrom
unilinealevolutionarythought?​
54.Unilinealculturalevolutioncollapsedintheearly20thcenturyundertheassaultbyFranzBoasandhisstudents.
Whydidtheyargueagainstaunilinealparadigm?Whatdidtheysuggestshouldreplaceit?​
55.WhatissocialDarwinism?HowwassocialDarwinismusedtoexplainwhysomepeoplehadmadelessmade
evolutionaryprogressthanothers?HowdidsocialDarwinismjustifyglobalimperialism,racism,andultimatelythe
expectationthatprimitivepeopleswouldallbecomeextinct?​
56.Whoproposedtheoasistheorytoexplaintheoriginsofplantdomestication?Whatdoesthetheorysay?What
aretheargumentsagainstthisexplanation?Whoproposedthehillyflankstheory?Whatdoesitsay?Whatarethe
argumentsagainstit?​
57.Howdomaterialistexplanationsfortheoriginofagriculturedifferfromunilinealexplanationssuchastheoasisand
hillyflankstheories?Howdoesthedensity-equilibriummodelexplaintheoriginsofagriculture,andwhoproposed
it?​
58.Whatisoptimalforagingtheory?Howdoesoptimalforagingtheoryexplaintheoriginsofagriculture?Howdoes
theselectionistperspectiveofcoevolutionexplaintheoriginsofagriculture?​
59.Whichexplanationsfortheoriginsofagriculturearesupportedbyarchaeologicalevidence?​
60.Shouldsacredsitesonpubliclandbesoldortransferredtotheorganizationorgroupthatconsidersthemsacred?
Whyorwhynot?​
61.Howdotheirrigationhypothesisandthewarfareandcircumscriptionhypothesisexplaintheoriginsofthearchaic
state?Whoproposedthesehypotheses?Whataretheargumentsagainsteach?​
62.Whyisitmorereasonabletoexplaintheoriginsofthearchaicstatewithamulticausaltheory,ratherthanwitha
single“primemover”?Whatarethethreegeneralconditionsthatappearbothnecessaryandsufficientforarchaic
statestoform?​
63.Whatisideology?Whatrolecanideologyplayinstateformation?Provideanexamplefromthetext.​
64.Isitpossibletoreconcilematerialistexplanationsoftheoriginsofagricultureandtheriseofthearchaicstatewith
moreideologicalorpost-processualexplanations?Whyorwhynot?Provideexamplesfromthetext.​