Chapter 13—Behavior
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Behavior
a.
can be defined as a response to stimuli.
b.
is limited to innate responses.
c.
can be separated into three distinct categories.
d.
is easy to define and study
e.
is all of these.
2. Why are animal models used to study human behavior?
a.
Human behavior is often similar to animal behavior.
b.
Genetics is entirely responsible for behavior.
c.
Like animals, human behavioral responses show very little variation between different
individuals and different situations.
d.
Like animals, all human behaviors are innate.
e.
None of these are correct.
3. Behavioral genetics is the study of the influence of
a.
environment on behavior.
b.
genetics on behavior.
c.
animal behavior on human behavior.
d.
diet on behavior.
e.
drugs on behavior.
4. Neurotransmitters are all of the following EXCEPT
a.
chemicals present in the brain.
b.
capable of changing a person’s moods and actions.
c.
released in response to certain stimuli.
d.
released when certain nerve cells in the brain become active.
e.
are only produced by cells of the peripheral nervous system.
5. The gap or space between two nerve cells is called
a.
a synapse
b.
the peripheral nervous system.
c.
a neurotransmitter.
d.
an endorphin.
e.
a receptor.
6. When a person is exercising, the release of _____ leads to a feeling of exhilaration.
a.
serotonin
b.
nicotine
c.
endorphins
d.
lithium
e.
synapsin
7. All of the following are genetic changes that alter human behavior EXCEPT
a.
chromosomal abnormalities.
b.
single-gene defects.
c.
multiple gene-gene interactions.
d.
multifactorial conditions.
e.
genetic changes caused by drug usage.
8. In a condition called ____, changes result in impulsive behavior and autism.
a.
fragile X syndrome
b.
Huntington disease
c.
alcoholism
d.
attention deficit disorder/hyperactivity
e.
schizophrenia
9. Schizophrenia is a(n) ____ disorder.
a.
multifactorial
b.
single gene defect
c.
recessive
d.
entirely X-linked
e.
environmental
10. Dizygotic twins
a.
have identical genetic sequences.
b.
share about half of their genes.
c.
must be the same sex.
d.
exhibit genetic differences from each other caused by environmental influences after
fertilization.
e.
always show higher concordance values than do identical twins.
11. Concordance of a trait helps establish whether or not a trait
a.
has a genetic basis.
b.
is associated with genetic disease.
c.
is recessive.
d.
is autosomal.
e.
is sex-linked.
12. Which of the following human traits has the lowest concordance rate in identical twins?
a.
eye color
b.
blood type
c.
diabetes
d.
schizophrenia
e.
alcoholism in males
13. Mice are often used to study human behavior for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
a.
mice are easy to maintain.
b.
mice reproduce rapidly.
c.
the behaviors of mice are easy to observe.
d.
the genome of a mouse can be genetically manipulated.
e.
mice have many genes not found in humans.
14. Which of the following is an inherited disease that leads to aggressive behavior and violence?
a.
Huntington disease
b.
schizophrenia
c.
fragile X syndrome
d.
MAOA deficiency
e.
alcoholism
15. Neurotransmitters are
a.
chemicals that cause us to act and react to various stimuli.
b.
produced by liver cells.
c.
chemicals that are only released during pregnancy.
d.
always traveling great distances in the body.
e.
all identical to each other.
16. The mutated form of the monoamine oxidase type A (MAOA) gene has been linked to aggressive and
violent behavior due to
a.
overproduction of certain neurotransmitters.
b.
a lack of serotonin receptors.
c.
the inability to break down serotonin.
d.
the production of abnormal neurotransmitters.
e.
underproduction of certain neurotransmitters.
17. Schizophrenia is a
a.
multifactorial condition that affects behavior.
b.
recessive genetic condition that affects behavior.
c.
only determined by environmental conditions.
d.
disorder that develops due to exposure to toxins.
e.
disorder that cannot be treated.
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18. In fragile X syndrome,
a.
individuals overproduce the FMRP protein.
b.
females are more likely to be affected than males.
c.
the X chromosome has undergone a translocation.
d.
the mutated gene is located on the Y chromosome.
e.
the mutated site on the X chromosome leads to chromosomal breaks.
19. Individuals with XYY (Jacobs) syndrome are
a.
female.
b.
usually not prone to antisocial behavior.
c.
very likely to commit violent acts.
d.
shorter than normal.
e.
all very aggressive.
20. What chromosomal abnormality describes an individual with Jacobs syndrome?
a.
XYY
b.
XXX
c.
YY
d.
XXY
e.
XY with a fragile X chromosome
21. Of people in the U.S. who consume alcohol, what percentage are diagnosed as alcoholics?
a.
5%
b.
10%
c.
15%
d.
20%
e.
75%
22. Which of the following statements about homosexual behavior is true?
a.
Twin studies indicate that there is no genetic component to homosexual behavior.
b.
The genes determining homosexual behavior has been identified on the Y chromosome.
c.
Most studies on homosexual behavior have only looked at males.
d.
A single gene is responsible for homosexual behavior.
e.
Homosexual behavior shows higher concordance in fraternal twins than in identical twins.
23. Lithium
a.
is present in abnormally high levels in some individuals with bipolar disorder.
b.
is an effective treatment for alcoholism.
c.
is broken down by the monoamine oxidase type A enzyme.
d.
is an effective treatment for some cases of bipolar disorder.
e.
leads to damage in the brain.
24. Researchers studying epigenetic changes in animals find that
a.
paternal behavior can permanently affect the behavior of the offspring.
b.
parental behavior does not affect the behavior of the offspring.
c.
only genetics determines the adult behavior of the offspring.
d.
maternal behavior can permanently affect the behavior of the offspring.
e.
the behavior of an offspring is most influenced by the behavior of their siblings.
TRUE/FALSE
1. Changes in a single gene can affect a person’s behavior.
2. Neurotransmitters in the brain are chemicals that cause us to act and react in certain ways.
3. Huntington disease is an example of a genetic condition that causes changes in behavior.
4. Researchers have studied identical twins reared apart to study the role of genetics and environment in
controlling behavior.
5. Studying behavior in animals does not provide information about human behavior.
6. A person behaves in a certain way strictly based on his or her heredity.
7. MAOA deficiency leads to overproduction of serotonin.
8. All XYY individuals show antisocial behaviors.
9. For most traits, concordance values are higher in fraternal twins than in identical twins.
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10. Mice in which the gene encoding serotonin receptors has been knocked out respond to stimuli by being
very passive.
MATCHING
Match the appropriate term to the definition.
a.
Gap between nerve cells
b.
Brain chemical
c.
Responsible for a rush of exhilaration
1. Synapse
2. Neurotransmitter
3. Endorphin
Match the associated terms.
a.
A mutated form of the gene causes serotonin not to break down
b.
Cell loss in the brain
c.
An area in the chromosome is prone to breakage
d.
Some are more aggressive, taller males
e.
Lithium treatment
4. MAOA deficiency
5. Bipolar disorder
6. Fragile X syndrome
7. XYY syndrome
8. Huntington disease
ESSAY
1. Researchers are identifying more genetic factors affecting behavior. With this information, it will be
possible to test fetuses and babies for predisposing genetic factors affecting behavior. Discuss the
advantages and disadvantages of such testing. You could consider possible treatments, discrimination,
and/or effects on the individual and their family.
Chapter 13—Behavior
2. In cases of behavioral disorders, how might early screening and diagnosis influence insurance
eligibility, employment, marriage, and other important societal activities?
SHORT ANSWER
1. Various individual behaviors seem to have a genetic basis. Give examples of some behaviors that have
been observed in families and have been attributed to genetic mechanisms.
2. Discuss how information about the behavioral genetics of other organisms can be used in human
genetics..