57. Which of the following is a content theory that proposes that people are motivated by physiological, safety,
belongingness, esteem, and self–actualization needs?
a. Reinforcement theory
b. Process theory
c. Situational theory
d. Hierarchy of needs theory
e. Contingency theory
58. Which of the following is NOT a need proposed by Maslow in his hierarchy of needs theory?
a. Safety needs
b. Compensation needs
c. Physiological needs
d. Esteem needs
e. Self-actualization needs
59. Nelson is motivated by a strong need for recognition and is continually seeking credit for his contributions to the
organization. According to Maslow, Neil is motivated by which category of needs?
a. Physiological
b. Safety
c. Belongingness
d. Esteem
e. Self-actualization
60. describe the most basic human physical needs, including food, water and oxygen.
a. Self-actualization needs
b. Physiological needs
c. Esteem needs
d. Belongingness needs
e. Safety needs
61. Which need describes the desire to be accepted by one’s peer, have friendships, be part of a group, and be loved?
a. Self-actualization needs
b. Physiological needs
c. Esteem needs
d. Belongingness needs
e. Safety needs
62. According to Maslow, the highest order needs are:
a. self-actualization needs.
b. physiological needs.
c. esteem needs.
d. belongingness needs.
e. safety needs.
63. Alderfer referred to the needs for physical well being as needs.
a. physiological
b. existence
c. belongingness
d. relatedness
e. growth
64. Frank is primarily driven by a need to establish close social relationships with other people. Alderfer would say he is
motivated by:
a. growth needs.
b. existence needs.
c. relatedness needs.
d. self–actualization needs.
e. physiological needs.
65. The frustration-regression principle is most closely related with .
a. Maslow
b. Herzberg
c. McClelland
d. Alderfer
e. Adam
66. According to Herzberg, is an example of a hygiene factor.
a. achievement
b. recognition
c. pay
d. responsibility
e. opportunity for growth
67. Highroller Casinos provides good salaries and benefits, including bonuses of up to 25 percent of annual salaries.
However, the company has been criticized for not establishing an achievement or recognition program for its
employees. Which of the following best describes the company in terms of the two-factor theory?
a. Good motivators and inadequate hygiene factors
b. Good hygiene factors and inadequate motivators
c. Good hygiene factors and motivators
d. Inadequate hygiene factors and motivators
e. None of the above
68. Which of the following are high–level needs, according to Herzberg, and include achievement, recognition,
responsibility, and opportunity for growth?
a. Hygiene factors
b. Extrinsic factors
c. Motivators
d. Dissatisfiers
e. All of these
69. have the greatest impact, according to Herzberg, on job satisfaction.
a. Hygiene factors
b. Reinforcers
c. Motivators
d. Dissatisfiers
e. All of these
70. The majority of hourly workers at Formatting Unlimited are neither satisfied nor dissatisfied. What would Herzberg
recommend if your goal were to increase their level of satisfaction?
a. Increase the level of hygiene factors
b. Increase the level of motivators
c. Decrease the level of motivators
d. Decrease the level of hygiene factors
e. None of these
71. The desire to form close personal relationships, avoid conflict, and establish warm friendships, describes:
a. a need for affiliation.
b. a need for power.
c. a need for achievement.
d. a need for authority.
e. all of these.
72. A high need for is associated with successful attainment of top levels in the organizational hierarchy,
according to McClelland.
a. power
b. achievement
c. affiliation
d. success
e. expertise
73. Denise has a desire to influence others, be responsible for them, and have authority over them. It can be described
as her:
a. need for power.
b. need for achievement.
c. need for affiliation.
d. need for relatedness.
e. none of these.
74. Which term, in goal–setting theory, refers to the need to make goals highly ambitious but achievable?
a. Goal specificity
b. Goal difficulty
c. Goal acceptance
d. Feedback
e. Goal motivation
75. In goal-setting theory, refers to the idea that employees have to “buy into” the goals.
a. goal specificity
b. goal difficulty
c. goal acceptance
d. feedback
e. goal motivation
76. In goal-setting theory, which term refers to the need to get information to people about how well they are doing in
progressing toward goal achievement?
a. Goal specificity
b. Goal difficulty
c. Goal acceptance
d. Feedback
e. Goal motivation
77. Which of the following is an example of a process theory of motivation?
a. Need hierarchy theory
b. Equity theory
c. Two-factor theory
d. ERG theory
e. Acquired needs theory
78. theory deals with employee’s perception of fairness.
a. Expectancy
b. Reinforcement
c. Need hierarchy
d. Equity
e. ERG
79. Which of the following is NOT a common method for reducing a perceived inequity?
a. Change inputs
b. Change outcomes
c. Distorts perception
d. Leave the job
e. Change equity
80. Which of the following is based on the relationships between effort, performance, and outcomes?
a. Equity theory
b. Expectancy theory
c. Reinforcement theory
d. Two-factor theory
e. ERG theory
81. Samuel, a sales associate at an electronics store, learns that his base pay is higher than any other sales associate in
the store. He justifies his higher salary to the idea that he must be a top sales associate, generating more revenue
than anyone else. This example demonstrates which method for reducing perceived inequity?
a. Working harder, not smarter
b. Changing outcomes
c. Changing work effort
d. Changing perceptions
e. Leaving the job
82. Yolanda recently learned that Sue, who works in the same position as she and has been with the company for the
same amount of time, earns about ten percent more than she does. As a result, Yolanda feels that she should not
work as hard, so she starts coming in late and taking more days off. This is an example of which method for
reducing perceived equity?
a. Working harder, not smarter
b. Changing outcomes
c. Changing work effort
d. Changing perceptions
e. Leaving the job
83. A recent study from the U.S. Department of Labor shows that the top reason that people leave their jobs is
because they:
a. don’t make enough money.
b. don’t feel appreciated.
c. don’t believe in what the organization stands for.
d. don’t like their colleagues.
e. don’t like their boss.
84. The involves whether putting effort into a task will lead to high performance.
a. P -> O expectancy
b. E -> P expectancy
c. O -> V expectancy
d. A -> Z expectancy
e. V -> P expectancy
85. Tim is a manager at Chuck’s Construction. He sees little opportunity for advancement at Chuck’s Construction,
regardless of how well he performs. Which of the following expectancies is low for Tim?
a. E -> P expectancy
b. O -> V expectancy
c. P -> O expectancy
d. E -> V expectancy
e. None of these
86. Abbi works at Railroad Ties. Her bosses continually indicate that her motivational level is low. Abbi agrees, but is
unwilling to work harder until the company changes the types of reward it offers its employees. Which of the
following is low for Abbi?
a. E -> P expectancy
b. O -> P expectancy
c. Valence
d. Motivators
e. O -> E indicators
87. Which of the following describes the value or attraction an individual has for an outcome?
a. Motivators
b. Valence
c. O -> V expectancy
d. P -> O expectancy
e. E -> V expectancy
88. Which of the following theories concern the thought processes that influence behavior?
a. Process
b. Reinforcement
c. Content
d. Needs
e. Maslow‘s
89. Theories that explain how employees select the behaviors that allow them to meet their needs are known as:
a. content theories.
b. contingency theories.
c. process theories.
d. need hierarchy theories.
e. reinforcement theories.
90. In goal-setting theory, refers to the degree to which goals are concrete and unambiguous.
a. goal specificity
b. goal difficulty
c. goal acceptance
d. feedback
e. goal motivation
91. Which of the following theories places an emphasis on behavior and its consequences?
a. Two-factor theory
b. Need hierarchy theory
c. Reinforcement theory
d. ERG theory
e. Equity theory
92. Which of the following is the administration of a pleasant and rewarding consequence following a desired behavior?
a. Avoidance learning
b. Punishment
c. Positive reinforcement
d. Extinction
e. Suspension
93. Bruce publicly praises his employees when they have achieved their goals. Bruce hopes this will increase the
likelihood of goal achievement in the future. This is an example of:
a. extinction.
b. negative reinforcement.
c. avoidance learning.
d. positive reinforcement.
e. none of these.
94. The removal of an unpleasant consequence following a desired behavior is referred to as:
a. avoidance learning.
b. punishment.
c. positive reinforcement.
d. extinction.
e. inefficient management.
95. Which of these is sometimes called negative reinforcement?
a. Avoidance learning
b. Punishment
c. Positive reinforcement
d. Extinction
e. Neutral learning
96. is the imposition of unpleasant outcomes on an employee.
a. Avoidance learning
b. Punishment
c. Positive reinforcement
d. Extinction
e. Avoiding punishment