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Chapter 12 - Geology and Nonrenewable Minerals
True / False
1. Nonrenewable mineral resources renew over millions to billions of years.
a.
True
b.
False
2. Mining has polluted mountain streams in about 40% of the western U.S. watersheds and accounts for 50% of all the
country’s emissions of toxic chemicals.
a.
True
b.
False
3. The dirt wall left after contour mining is called an overburden.
a.
True
b.
False
4. High risk locations for earthquakes and tsunamis are not well known, and so events like a tsunami cannot be anticipated
and preparations cannot be made in advance.
a.
True
b.
False
5. Volcanoes are normally associated with transform faults.
a.
True
b.
False
6. Tectonic plates move extremely slowly atop the asthenosphere.
Chapter 12 - Geology and Nonrenewable Minerals
a.
True
b.
False
7. A solution of highly toxic cyanide salts is used at approximately 90% of the world’s gold mines.
a.
True
b.
False
8. Surface mining can result in deforestation.
a.
True
b.
False
9. Important nonrenewable mineral resources are evenly distributed in Earth's crust.
a.
True
b.
False
10. Volcanic activity is notoriously difficult to monitor such that making evacuation plans is nearly impossible.
a.
True
b.
False
11. The San Andreas fault in California is an example of a transform boundary.
a.
True
b.
False
Chapter 12 - Geology and Nonrenewable Minerals
12. A way to reduce death and damages from earthquakes is to study historical records and make geological
measurements to locate active fault zones.
a.
True
b.
False
13. There exists a relatively complete network of buoys and pressure recorders for a global tsunami warning system.
a.
True
b.
False
14. China has heavily regulated rare earth metal mining industry.
a.
True
b.
False
15. Slate and marble are types of sedimentary rock.
a.
True
b.
False
16. The 500,000 surface-mined sites that dot the U.S. landscape are usually cleaned up and restored because it is required
by law.
a.
True
b.
False
17. Reserves can be increased when higher prices make it profitable to mine deposits that previously were too expensive.
a.
True
b.
False
18. A longer depletion-time estimate assumes no recycling or reuse and no increase in reserves.
a.
True
b.
False
19. Earth’s crust contains scarce and quickly depleting deposits of iron and aluminum ores.
a.
True
b.
False
20. Each person in the U.S. uses an average of 24 tons of mineral resources per year.
a.
True
b.
False
21. China dominates the world in the complex, lengthy, and environmentally harmful chemical process of converting rare
earth minerals into individual metals and oxides.
a.
True
b.
False
22. The United States National Academy of Sciences says that the federal government is not doing enough to evaluate
potential risks from engineered nanomaterials.
a.
True
b.
False
23. Nanotechnologists envision technological innovations such as a flexible solar cell films that could be attached to or
painted onto almost any surface.
a.
True
b.
False
24. Gold ore can be removed ore with a highly toxic chemical called _____ through series of leaching operations.
a.
sulfuric acid
b.
nitric acid
c.
arsenic
d.
cyanide salts
e.
H2SO4
25. After extracting the gold from a mine, ____ has allowed companies to walk away from cleaning up their mining
operations.
a.
poor enforcement
b.
relaxed environmental laws
c.
market price
d.
bankruptcy
e.
outdated mining laws
26. What toxic chemical do miners in poverty stricken countries use for mining gold?
a.
sulfuric acid
b.
mercury
c.
cyanide salts
d.
arsenic
e.
nitric acid
27. What kind of movement does the heat within the core and mantle directly generate?
a.
convection cells or currents
b.
tsunamis
c.
earthquakes in the crust
d.
landslides
e.
seismic tremors within a volcano
28. What part of the mantle is the volume of hot, partly melted rock that flows?
a.
magma
b.
outer mantle
c.
inner mantle
d.
asthenosphere
e.
lithosphere
29. Where do the majority of earthquakes and volcanoes occur?
a.
in the interior of continents
b.
on oceanic islands
c.
along the edge of plate boundaries
d.
in the open ocean
e.
in the U.S.
30. What do we call the combination of crust and the rigid, outermost part of the mantle?
a.
oceanic crust
b.
asthenosphere
c.
lithosphere
d.
outer mantle
e.
rigid plates
31. Where is the focus of an earthquake located?
a.
deep underground at the very source of the earthquake
b.
at the point on land where the majority of movement, and the majority of damage, occurs
c.
at the point on land where the earthquake is first detected by a seismograph
d.
at the exact middle point of the earthquake’s origin along the length of two faults
e.
on the earth’s surface directly above the origin of the earthquake
32. Forces inside the earth’s mantle put tremendous stress on rock within the crust. Such stresses can be great enough to
cause sudden breakage and shifting of the rock, producing ____ in the earth’s crust.
a.
acidification
b.
convection
c.
faults
d.
subduction
e.
crystallization
33. The location of plate boundaries is most helpful is predicting the ____.
a.
formation of waterfalls and river canyons
b.
location of potential geologic hazards
c.
formation of ocean currents
Chapter 12 - Geology and Nonrenewable Minerals
d.
location of endangered species
e.
formation of weather
34. What is a reason that the 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean caused so much devastation and death?
a.
lack of attention to dire predictions from emergency warning centers
b.
indicators of a weak storm by early detection systems
c.
no recording devices in place to provide an early warning of this tsunami
d.
no knowledge of the potential of earthquakes in this region
e.
assumptions that tsunamis caused little harm until this event
35. What process moves large volumes of rock and heat within Earth’s mantle like giant conveyer belts?
a.
convection current
b.
seismic activity
c.
plate motion
d.
subduction
e.
magmatism
36. Although computer chips are partly made of crystals manufactured in a factory by humans, why is it that these chips
cannot be called minerals?
a.
They do not exist in large enough quantities.
b.
They are not naturally occurring.
c.
They contain organic materials.
d.
They are not entirely solid.
e.
They contain no inorganic components.
37. What major rock type is a limestone?
a.
organic
Chapter 12 - Geology and Nonrenewable Minerals
b.
igneous
c.
metamorphic
d.
sedimentary
e.
crystalline
38. What rock is formed when shale and mudstone are heated?
a.
coal
b.
limestone
c.
granite
d.
slate
e.
marble
39. What is the process that changes rocks from one variety to another when subjected to high temperatures (which may
cause it to melt partially), high pressures, chemically active fluids, or a combination of these agents?
a.
magmatism
b.
metamorphism
c.
convection
d.
volcanism
e.
subduction
40. What rock is most likely to be formed from compacted shells and skeletons?
a.
coal
b.
limestone
c.
rock salt
d.
marble
e.
granite
41. What rock is most likely to be formed from compacted plant remains?
Chapter 12 - Geology and Nonrenewable Minerals
a.
coal
b.
limestone
c.
rock salt
d.
marble
e.
granite
42. Lignite and bituminous coal are ____ rocks.
a.
metamorphic
b.
igneous
c.
tectonic
d.
ore
e.
sedimentary
43. The ____ cycle is the slowest of Earth’s processes.
a.
hydrologic
b.
rock
c.
convection
d.
mineral formation
e.
metamorphic
44. Slate and marble are ____ rocks.
a.
primary
b.
secondary
c.
metamorphic
d.
igneous
e.
sedimentary
45. A(n) ____ contains a large enough concentration of a particular mineral to make it profitable for mining and
Chapter 12 - Geology and Nonrenewable Minerals
processing.
a.
organic mineral
b.
ore
c.
open-pit
d.
area strip mine
e.
ocean mineral deposit
46. Sand is composed mostly of ____ and is used to make glass, bricks, and concrete for the construction of roads and
buildings.
a.
shells, skeletons, and other remains of dead aquatic organisms
b.
aluminum
c.
phosphate salts
d.
silicon dioxide (SiO2)
e.
calcium carbonate, or CaCO3
47. What is a mining technique in which shallow mineral deposits are removed by surface mining and involves the
removal of vegetation, soil, and rock overlying a mineral deposit?
a.
mountaintop removal
b.
contour strip
c.
surface
d.
open-pit
e.
strip
48. The greatest environmental impact would be caused by mining for ____ ore.
a.
a high-grade
b.
a moderate-grade
c.
a low-grade
d.
biomining
e.
hydrothermal
