127. are the most basic human physical needs, including food, water, and oxygen.
128. A modification of the needs hierarchy theory that proposes three categories of needs: existence, relatedness, and
growth is called the theory.
129. The idea that failure to meet a high-order need may cause a regression to an already satisfied lower-order need is
referred to as a(n) _____.
130. Factors that involve the presence or absence of job dissatisfiers, such as working conditions or pay, are known as
_____.
131. are high-level needs and include achievement, recognition, responsibility, and opportunity for growth.
132. theories explain how workers select behavioral actions to meet their needs and determine whether their
choices were successful.
133. theory proposes that managers can increase motivation by setting specific, challenging goals that are
accepted as valid by subordinates, then helping people track their progress toward goal achievement by providing
timely feedback.
134. theory focuses on an individual’s perceptions of how fairly he or she is treated relative to others.
135. A state of exists whenever the ratio of one person’s outcomes to inputs equals the ratio of another’s
outcomes to inputs.
136. theory suggests that motivation depends on individuals’ expectations about their ability to perform tasks and
receive desired rewards.
137. involves whether putting effort into a task will lead to high performance.
138. involves whether successful performance will lead to the desired outcome.
139. is the value of outcomes, or attraction for outcomes, for the individual.
140. A motivation theory based on the relationship between a given behavior and its consequences is called the .
141. is the name given to the set of techniques by which reinforcement theory is used to modify human behavior.
142. The assumption that positively reinforced behavior tends to be repeated is the basis for the .
143. is defined as anything that causes a certain behavior to be repeated or inhibited.
144. is the removal of an unpleasant consequence following a desired behavior.
145. is the application of motivational theories to the structure of work for improving productivity and satisfaction.
146. systematically moves employees from one job to another, thereby increasing the number of different tasks
an employee performs without increasing the complexity of any one job.
147. combines a series of tasks into one new, broader job.
148. incorporates high-level motivators into the work, including job responsibility, recognition, and opportunities
for growth, learning, and achievement.
149. is defined as the altering of jobs to increase both the quality of employees’ work experience and their
productivity.
150. is the degree to which the worker has freedom, discretion, and self-determination in planning and carrying
out tasks.
151. The delegation of power and authority to subordinates is called .
Subjective Short Answer
Scenario – Donovan Zorn
Donovan Zorn was a successful manager for one of the subsidiaries at Eagles Unlimited. He was responsible for
232 workers and had a span of control of eight lower level managers. Donovan has decided to try to increase
performance and productivity by the careful use of motivational theories.
152. The hygiene factors, or dissatifiers, that Donovan can influence include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. salary and wages.
b. supervision relationships.
c. working conditions.
d. company policies.
e. the work itself.
153. Donovan understands that perceived inequity creates tensions within individuals that motivate them to bring equity
back into balance, and one of his production supervisors feels that she is underpaid. Which of the following is not a
common method for reducing perceived inequity?
a. Change in her inputs to the organization
b. Change her outcomes from the organization
c. Change her perception
d. Leave the job for a new one
e. Keep quiet and hope Donovan changes the situation for her.
154. The motivator factors, or satisfiers, that Donovan can change and influence include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. recognition.
b. growth opportunities.
c. achievement.
d. salary.
e. all are motivator factors.
155. One of Donovan‘s best employees has a driving need to be able to attain a high standard of success, to master
complex tasks, and to surpass others. Donovan recognizes these acquired needs as defined as:
a. the need for accomplishment.
b. the need for power.
c. the need for affiliation.
d. the need for adaptation.
e. the need for achievement.
156. List the four content theories discussed in your text.
157. List the three needs proposed by Clayton Alderfer.
158. List the four types of reinforcement.
159. List the five core job dimensions found in the job characteristics model.
Essay
160. Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic rewards.
161. Briefly describe Maslow‘s hierarchy of needs theory.
162. Compare the five groups of needs in Maslow’s theory with the three groups of needs in Alderfer’s ERG theory.
163. In David McClelland’s acquired needs theory, what are the three acquired needs most commonly discussed and
which is(are) not dependent on relationships with other people?
164. Briefly explain expectancy theory.
165. Explain employee growth-need strength and its relationship to the job characteristics model.
166. Describe the four elements that enable employees to become empowered.