69. Rates of recidivism, or returning to crime, for those under community supervision:
a. are lower than for those who go to prison.
b. are not tracked by law enforcement.
c. are no higher than for those who go to prison.
d. are much higher than for those who go to prison.
e. none of the above.
70. The fact that ex–inmates require both support and supervision as they try to remake their lives in the community:
a. has no role in community corrections.
b. is often cited by opponents of community corrections.
c. is often cited by proponents of community corrections.
d. is often overstated as a need.
e. none of the above.
71. A return to criminal behavior is the definition of:
a. return activity.
b. jailing.
c. recidivism.
d. failure.
e. parole.
72. Community corrections is based on the goal of:
a. making the convicted “pay” for their crimes.
b. fighting crime before it begins.
c. finding the “least restrictive alternative.”
d. limiting options and alternatives.
e. all of the above.
73. Which of the following statements about probation is TRUE?
a. Probation is the unconditional release of the offender into the community.
b. Probation is limited because it cannot be combined with other sanctions, such as fines, restitution, and community
service.
c. James Q. Wilson was the first to suggest it.
d. Probation is used mainly for more serious offenses.
e. Probation is significantly less expensive than imprisonment.
74. Which of the following statements about probation is TRUE?
a. Pennsylvania officials calculated that it costs the state more than $32,000 per year for each offender on probation.
b. Today, less than one million offenders are on probation.
c. Pennsylvania officials calculated that it costs the state less than $3,000 per year for each offender in prison.
d. The prosecutor retains authority over the probationer.
e. Probation budgets in many states have been cut and caseloads increased as lawmakers struggle with shrinking
resources.
75. By the 1940s the development of _______ as a field of social science research led probation officers to shift their
emphasis from moral leadership to therapeutic counseling.
a. biology
b. history
c. political science
d. sociology
e. psychology
76. In which decade did probation officers begin providing offenders with concrete social services such as assistance with
employment, housing, finances, and education.
a. 1940s
b. 1950s
c. 1960s
d. 1970s
e. 1980s
77. In which decade did the goals of rehabilitation and reintegration give way to “risk management.”
a. 1940s
b. 1950s
c. 1960s
d. 1970s
e. 1980s
78. In which decade was there a growing interest in probation’s role as part of community justice?
a. 1960s
b. 1970s
c. 1980s
d. 1990s
e. 2000s
79. Most states place probation services under the state’s:
a. prosecutor’s control.
b. bureaucratic branch.
c. legislative branch.
d. judicial branch.
e. executive branch.
80. During the past decade, probation officials have developed methods of classifying clients. Which of the following is
NOT one of the criteria probation officers use?
a. the offenders’ service needs
b. the element of risk they pose to the community
c. the chance that they will commit another offense
d. the likelihood of the offender finding work
81. Which is NOT an intermediate sanction administered in the community?
a. home confinement
b. community service
c. fines
d. day reporting centers
e. intensive supervision probation (ISP)
82. Which is an intermediate sanction administered by the judiciary?
a. home confinement
b. community service
c. fines
d. day reporting centers
e. intensive supervision probation (ISP)
83. Which is an intermediate sanction administered by the community?
a. home confinement
b. community service
c. boot camps
d. day reporting centers
e. intensive supervision probation (ISP)
84. Which is NOT an intermediate sanction administered primarily by the judiciary?
a. home confinement
b. restitution
c. fines
d. forfeiture
85. Which is an intermediate sanction administered in institutions and the community?
a. fines
b. community service
c. boot camps, or shock incarceration
d. day reporting centers
e. intensive supervision probation (ISP)
Reginald was convicted of assault and battery and home invasion. He spent seven years in prison and was recently
released on probation. He reports daily to a day reporting center where he submits to a drug test before going to work.
86. Given the description in the preface, it would appear that Reginald has been assigned:
a. an intermediate sanction.
b. an indeterminate sanction.
c. a determinant sanction.
d. a general sanction.
e. a supervised probation.
87. Reginald’s probation is being supervised:
a. in the community.
b. by the judiciary.
c. in institutions and the community.
d. by the legislature.
e. by the county prosecutor.
88. Reginald failed his drug test and so his probation has been revoked due to:
a. a technical violation.
b. a new arrest.
c. a bias against criminal offenders.
d. recidivism concerns.
89. A return to criminal behavior is known as ____________________.
90. A sentence allowing the offender to serve the sanctions imposed by the court in the community is known as
____________________.
91. Probation can be combined with other sanctions, such as fines, __________, and community service.
92. The world’s first probation officer was ____________________.
93. _________ developed the first statewide probation system in 1880.
94. Revocation of probation typically occurs for either a ______ ______ or a new arrest.
95. Studies indicate that _______ percent of those sentenced to probation had been assigned that punishment upon
conviction for a felony.
96. A continuing issue for probation officers is the size of their ________.
97. ________ evolved as a humanitarian effort to allow first-time and minor offenders a second chance.
98. A sum of money paid to the state by a convicted person as punishment is called a(n) ____________________.
99. Payment as compensation for the financial loss suffered is called _____________________.
100. Seizure by the government of property and other assets is called ____________________.
101. A sentence requiring the offender to remain inside his or her home during specified periods is called
____________________.
102. _________ _______are designed as punishments that are more restrictive than probation and less restrictive than
prison.
103. The ____________________ model of justice emphasizes reparation to the victim and a problem-solving approach
to crime.
104. A _______ _______ _______is a community correctional center where an offender reports each day to carry out
elements of the sentence.
105. ___________________ probation is granted under conditions of strict reporting to a probation officer.
106. There are two types of ISP: probation diversion and ____________________ diversion.
107. Boot camps are also referred to as ____________________.
108. Intermediate sanctions suffer from a public perception that they are ____________________ on crime.
109. The process known as ____________________ occurs when administrators select only the offenders with the lowest
risk of recidivism for their programs.
110. Reforms which would transfer jurisdictional authority from one agency or control system to another create
_____________ _______.
111. _______ _______ result from increasing the state‘s capacity to control individuals.
112. ________ ____ occur when reforms increase the proportion on individuals in society whose behavior is regulated or
controlled by the state.
113. The crimes, criminal records, and drug problems of many offenders are _______ than those of lawbreakers of earlier
eras.
114. The development of ________ as a field of social science research led probation officers to shift their emphasis from
moral leadership to therapeutic counseling.
115. In Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973) the Supreme Court extended ____ _____ rights to probationers during revocation
proceedings.
116. _______ ________ fill the void between incarceration and traditional less restrictive probation.
117. _______ monitors send continuous signals that a receiver picks up; a computer notes any break in the signal.
Subjective Short Answer
Xiong Sun is a superior court judge who is in the process of deciding the sentences of three 18-year-old boys who were
involved with a drag racing case. When the officer pulled the boys over for a traffic violation, the driver was legally
drunk, the two passengers were also drunk, and there were open containers of beer in the car. Luckily, a traffic accident
was avoided.
118. The driver of the car in question blew a 1.0 on the breathalyzer when it was administered. He had a previous reckless
driving charge as well as a speeding ticket. He may receive any one of the following penalties EXCEPT:
a. probation.
b. parole.
c. home confinement.
d. day center.
e. community service.
119. Passenger 1 was holding a can of beer when the officer shined his light on him, a misdemeanor in this instance. The
most likely punishment is:
a. probation.
b. parole.
c. prison.
d. prison and then parole.
e. jail and then parole.
120. After the conviction and sentencing of the offenders involved in this case, there is a chance they may commit
another crime in the near future. This tendency is called:
a. recidivism.
b. reoffending.
c. life-long offender.
d. three striker.
e. none of these.
121. Passenger 2 does not have a previous record, is charged with a misdemeanor, and is considered a “good kid” by the
prosecutor. The most unlikely outcome of the trial for this defendant is:
a. probation.
b. prison.
c. home confinement.
d. day center.
e. community service.
Sue Money was recently charged with destruction of property and trespassing when she egged and spray painted her ex–
boyfriend’s home after she found him cheating on her with her best friend. She admits that she did the act, but acted out
based upon emotions. She is hoping whatever sentence she receives will not destroy her future.
122. Ms. Money, most likely, will be required to pay for the damages which were incurred. This would be considered:
a. fees.
b. restitution.
c. payment.
d. continuances.
e. debt.
123. Ms. Money will most likely be forced to have no contact with her ex–boyfriend. This would be a(n) ______ of her
probation.
a. arrest
b. commitment
c. institution
d. condition
e. establishment
124. If Ms. Money violates her probation by contacting her ex, she will have committed a:
a. probation standard.
b. probation requirement.
c. technical violation.
d. true violation.
e. all of these.
You are on a committee that is to present a revised policy plan to the governor’s Commission of Correctional Policy.
There has been public outrage after a recent parolee raped and murdered two 14-year-old girls. There have been public
demonstrations to demand a get tough on crime stance.
125. One of the biggest obstacles that you will have is urging the committee to realize that alternative sentences are not
just:
a. slaps on the wrist
b. time consuming
c. required
d. demanded
e. difficult
126. You must make sure that the public realizes that sentencing an offender to his or her house to complete the sentence
is effective and a much cheaper alternative than incarceration. This is also referred to as:
a. alternative to incarceration.
b. home confinement.
c. home parole.
d. home study.
e. home forfeiture.
127. Probation granted under conditions of strict reporting to a probation officer with a limited caseload is called:
a. boot camp.
b. fine.
c. ISP.
d. home confinement.
e. forfeiture.
Essay
128. Morris and Tonry have stated that intermediate sanctions are rarely used in the United States, and judges tend to rely
mostly on incarceration and probation. Discuss some of the reasons judges in the United States tend to have an “all or
nothing” mentality regarding correctional options.
129. Many believe that boot camps have failed in their attempt to “scare offenders straight.” State three reasons discussed
in the text why these programs have failed. Do you believe there is a chance that such programs could be successful under
changed conditions? If so, what kind of changes would you recommend?
130. Why is there generally little support for community corrections? What evidence about their effectiveness might be
helpful to encourage the public to give these programs a chance?
131. What recommendations would you make to decrease net widening as an effect of intermediate sanctions?
132. Due to the recent worldwide economic slowdown, there have been drastic budgetary cuts in every facet of
government, thus having dramatic impact on corrections. How can correctional administrators combat these cuts with
community corrections.
133. Describe intermediate sanctions, and give examples of how they are administered.
134. Community service is oftentimes laughed about in society as almost a joke of a punishment. What changes could be
implemented to such programs to make community service a respectable punishment? How does having famous role
models complete community service impact our view of the punishment?
135. What is the purpose of day reporting centers? Are they any different from child day care facilities? What is the public
perception of them?
136. Why is intensive supervision probation often referred to as old-style probation? Why did we transition to a new style
of probation? Should we return to the original plan of probation and operate as if we only have one style? Why or why
not?
137. What are the challenges of community corrections and how may those challenges be addressed?
138. Name the philosophical assumptions that underlie community corrections.
139. Describe how probation evolved and how probation sentences are implemented today.
140. Describe intermediate sanctions, and give examples of how they are administered.
141. Identify the key issues faced by community corrections at the beginning of the twenty-first century.